1 Corintios 9

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1 Corinthians 9 is Paul's defense of his freedom and his explanation of why he gives it up. He has every right to be supported by the churches he serves: soldiers are paid, the law forbids muzzling a threshing ox, temple priests eat from the altar, and the Lord commanded that preachers live from the gospel. Yet Paul has used none of these rights, working with his hands so that the gospel costs nothing. Preaching is not his boast but his obligation; his reward is to offer it free. He has made himself a slave to all, a Jew to Jews, weak to the weak, all things to all people to save some. The chapter ends with the runner and the boxer who discipline their bodies for an imperishable crown.

장 주석 열기

1 Corinthians 9 sounds at first like a man defending his expenses, and in a way it is. Some in Corinth had noticed that Paul refused their money, and had drawn conclusions: either he was not a real apostle, or he knew his work was not worth paying for. Paul answers with a barrage of questions. Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Do soldiers pay their own way? Does a farmer not eat his own grapes? Does the law not say you may not muzzle the ox that treads the grain? Do the priests not eat from the altar? Did the Lord not say that those who preach should live from the preaching? Having established the right beyond argument, he says he has never used it and never will. He would rather die. Preaching is not something he can take credit for, since he is under orders, woe to me if I do not preach; the only thing left to boast about is giving it away for nothing. Then he explains a policy that has puzzled and inspired the church ever since. Free of everyone, he has made himself everyone's slave: a Jew among Jews, an outsider among outsiders, weak among the weak, all things to all people, to save some of them. The chapter ends at the games that Corinth hosted every other year. Everyone runs, one wins; the athletes train hard for a crown of leaves that will be brown in a week; we run for one that lasts. So Paul runs with purpose, boxes with aim, and keeps his own body in hand, so that the man who preached to others is not himself disqualified.

핵심 본문

1 Corinthians 9:1-14 1 Corinthians 9:15-18 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 Deuteronomy 25:4 Philippians 3:12-14

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55. Traveling teachers in the Greek world were expected to accept fees or patronage, and Paul's refusal of Corinthian money, while he accepted gifts from Philippi, had become a point of suspicion, as if he did not consider himself a real apostle or was hiding something. He supported himself as a leatherworker, a low-status trade. "Cephas" is Peter, who traveled with his wife; "the Lord's brothers" include James. The command that preachers live from the gospel echoes Jesus' saying that the worker deserves his wages. Corinth hosted the Isthmian Games every two years, so the runner, the boxer, and the perishable crown of pine or celery leaves were local images.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 6 assert Paul's apostleship and his rights to food, drink, a wife, and support. Verses 7 to 14 argue the right from common life, from the law of Moses on the ox, from the temple, and from the Lord's command. Verses 15 to 18 explain why he waives it: the gospel free of charge is his boast and reward, since preaching itself is compulsion. Verses 19 to 23 describe his adaptability, all things to all people, for the sake of the gospel. Verses 24 to 27 draw the athletic conclusion: run to win, train with discipline, do not be disqualified.

Why this chapter matters

"I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some" is the founding text of Christian mission strategy and of every argument for adapting the form of the message to its hearers. "Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel" has been the confession of preachers for two millennia, and verse 14 is the biblical basis for paying ministers. The runner and the imperishable crown gave Christian devotion its language of training, discipline, and finishing the race. Paul's example of waiving a right for the gospel's sake, which closes the argument about food offered to idols begun in chapter 8, is the classic case of freedom limited by love.

Interpretive tension to watch

"All things to all people" is easily read as a license for chameleon behavior, and interpreters stress the limits Paul himself states: he is under the law of Christ, and the goal is salvation, not approval. His refusal of support in Corinth while accepting it elsewhere was read by some as inconsistency, and 2 Corinthians shows the accusation stuck. Verse 27, "I myself will not be disqualified," raises the question of whether Paul thought he could lose his salvation, or only his usefulness or reward; the traditions divide. And his reading of the muzzled ox, "Is it about oxen that God is concerned?", is an early example of typological interpretation that some find strained.

이 장을 위한 질문

Paul had a right to be paid and chose not to use it. What right of yours might the gospel ask you to lay down?
"All things to all people" has limits. How do you adapt to the people you want to reach without losing what you are trying to give them?
Athletes train for a crown that withers. What would training look like for the crown that does not?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

노트에 추가

1 ¿No soy libre? ¿No soy un apóstol? ¿No he visto a Jesús, nuestro Señor? ¿Acaso no son ustedes fruto de mi obra en el Señor? 2 Incluso si no fuera apóstol para los demás, al menos soy apóstol para ustedes. ¡Ustedes son la prueba de que soy apóstol del Señor! 3 Esta es mi respuesta a los que me cuestionan sobre esto: 4 ¿Acaso no tenemos el derecho a que se nos provea alimento y bebida? 5 ¿No tenemos el derecho a que nos acompañe una esposa cristiana, como el resto de los apóstoles, los hermanos del Señor, y Pedro? 6 ¿Acaso somos Bernabé y yo los únicos que tenemos que trabajar para mantenernos? 7 ¿Acaso qué soldado alguna vez tuvo que pagar su propio salario? ¿Quién planta una viña y no come de sus frutos? ¿Quién alimenta un rebaño y no consume su leche? 8 ¿Acaso hablo solo desde un punto de vista humano? ¿No dice la ley lo mismo? 9 En la ley de Moisés está escrito: “No le pongan bozal al buey cuando está desgranando el trigo”. ¿Acaso pensaba Dios solo en los bueyes? 10 ¿No se dirigía a nosotros? Sin duda alguna esto fue escrito para nosotros, porque todo el que ara debe arar con esperanza, y todo el que trilla debe hacerlo con la esperanza de tener parte en la cosecha. 11 Si nosotros sembramos cosas espirituales en ustedes, ¿es importante si cosechamos algún beneficio material? 12 Si otros ejercen este derecho sobre ustedes, ¿no lo merecemos nosotros mucho más? Aun así, nosotros no ejercimos este derecho. Por el contrario, estaríamos dispuestos a soportar cualquier cosa antes que retener el evangelio de Cristo. 13 ¿No saben que los que trabajan en los templos reciben sus alimentos de las ofrendas del templo, y los que sirven en el altar reciben su porción del sacrificio que está sobre él? 14 De la misma manera, Dios ordenó que los que anuncian la buena noticia deben vivir de las provisiones que dan los seguidores de la buena noticia. 15 Pero yo no he hecho uso de ninguna de estas provisiones, y no escribo esto para insinuar que se haga en mi caso. Preferiría morir antes que alguien me quite la honra de no haber recibido ningún beneficio. 16 No tengo nada por lo cual jactarme en predicar la buena noticia, porque es algo que hago como deber. ¡De hecho, para mí es terrible si no comparto la buena noticia! 17 Si hago esta obra por mi propia elección, entonces tengo mi recompensa. Pero si no fuera mi elección, y se me impusiera una obligación, 18 ¿qué recompensa tendría? Es la oportunidad de compartir la buena nueva sin cobrar por ello, sin exigir mis derechos como trabajador en favor de la buena nueva. 19 Aunque soy libre y no soy siervo de nadie, me he puesto a servicio de todos para ganar más. 20 Para los judíos me comporto como judío para ganarme a los judíos. Para los que están bajo la ley, me comporto como si estuviera bajo la ley (aunque no estoy obligado a estar bajo la ley), para poder ganar a esos que están bajo la ley. 21 Para los que no obran conforme a la ley, me comporto como ellos, (aunque sin ignorar la ley de Dios, sino obrando bajo la ley de Cristo), para poder ganar a los que no observan la ley. 22 Con los que son débiles, comparto en su debilidad para ganar a los débiles. ¡He terminado siendo “como todos” para todos a fin de que, usando todos los medios posibles, pueda ganar a algunos! 23 ¡Hago esto por causa de la buena noticia para yo también ser partícipe de sus bendiciones! 24 ¿Acaso no concuerdan conmigo en que hay muchos corredores en una carrera, pero solo uno recibe el premio? ¡Entonces corran de la mejor manera posible, para que puedan ganar! 25 Todo competidor que participa en los juegos mantiene una disciplina estricta de entrenamiento. Por supuesto, lo hacen para ganar una corona que no perdura. ¡Pero nuestras coronas durarán para siempre! 26 Es por eso que me apresuro a correr en la dirección correcta. Peleo teniendo un blanco, no golpeando al aire. 27 Y también soy severo con mi cuerpo para tenerlo bajo control, porque no quiero de ninguna manera estar descalificado después de haber compartido la buena noticia con todos los demás.

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