Matthew 20

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Matthew 20 holds together four scenes on the road to Jerusalem, all about who comes first. The parable of the workers in the vineyard has a landowner hiring men from dawn until an hour before dark and paying every one of them a full day's wage, so that the first hired grumble and are told, "Are you envious because I am generous?" Jesus then predicts his death for the third time, in detail. Immediately the mother of James and John asks for the two best seats in his kingdom, and Jesus explains that greatness is service, since the Son of Man came to serve and to give his life as a ransom for many. Leaving Jericho, he heals two blind men the crowd tried to silence.

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Matthew 20 is set on the road up to Jerusalem, and everything in it is about the order in which people come. It opens with a story that still makes listeners uncomfortable. A landowner hires men at six in the morning for a denarius, hires more at nine, at noon, at three, and at five, and at sunset pays them all the same coin, starting with the ones who worked one hour. The dawn workers complain, and they are not wrong about the arithmetic. The owner's answer is that he has cheated no one and is free to be generous, and then the question that turns the parable into a mirror: are you envious because I am good? Then Jesus takes the Twelve aside and tells them, more plainly than ever, what is going to happen in Jerusalem: betrayal, a death sentence, Gentiles, mockery, whips, a cross, and on the third day, rising. The next verse is the mother of James and John kneeling to ask for the thrones on his right and left. He asks whether they can drink his cup, they say they can, and the other ten are furious, not because the request was wrong but because they wanted the seats. So Jesus sits them all down and explains that the kingdom does not work like Rome. Greatness means serving; being first means being a slave; and the Son of Man himself did not come to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. The chapter ends outside Jericho with two blind beggars shouting for the Son of David over a crowd that wants them quiet. He stops, asks what they want, touches their eyes, and they follow him up the hill.

핵심 본문

Matthew 20:1-16 Matthew 20:17-19 Matthew 20:20-28 Matthew 20:29-34 Mark 10:35-45 Isaiah 53:10-12

Historical and literary context

Day laborers gathered in the marketplace at dawn hoping to be hired; a denarius was the standard daily wage, and Jewish law required that a laborer be paid the same evening. The "eleventh hour" is about five in the afternoon. The road from Jericho to Jerusalem climbs three thousand feet in fifteen miles, and Passover pilgrims traveled it in crowds, which explains the throng around the blind men. The mother of Zebedee's sons, probably Salome, was among the women at the cross; in Mark's version the brothers ask for themselves. "Ransom" was the price paid to free a slave or a prisoner of war. Rulers of the Gentiles "lording it over" people would have evoked Herod and Rome.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 16 are the parable of the vineyard workers, framed by "the last will be first" at the end of chapter 19 and again at verse 16. Verses 17 to 19 are the third passion prediction, the most detailed of the three. Verses 20 to 28 are the request of the sons of Zebedee, the question about the cup, the indignation of the ten, and the teaching on greatness as service, ending with the ransom saying. Verses 29 to 34 are the healing of the two blind men outside Jericho, who cry "Son of David," are told to be quiet, cry louder, and follow him.

Why this chapter matters

The parable of the vineyard is the Gospel's sharpest statement that God's grace is not wages, and "are you envious because I am generous?" has confronted every reader who has felt that fairness should mean getting more than someone else. "The Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life as a ransom for many" is one of the few places where Jesus explains the purpose of his death, and it is the foundation of the Christian idea of atonement as ransom. "Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant" defined Christian leadership. The blind men who will not be silenced are a picture of persistent prayer.

Interpretive tension to watch

The landowner's equal pay strikes modern readers as unjust to the early workers, and the parable knows it, since the early workers say exactly that; the point is that God's generosity is not measured against what others receive, but the discomfort is intended. Whether the parable is about Jews and Gentiles, early and late converts, or simply grace, readers differ. The ransom saying raises the question of to whom the ransom is paid, which the text does not answer and theologians have debated for centuries. Matthew has two blind men where Mark has one, Bartimaeus, and places the healing on the way out of Jericho where Luke places it on the way in, small differences that show the evangelists shaping the story.

이 장을 위한 질문

The workers hired at dawn got exactly what they were promised and were still angry. What does the parable expose about the way we measure fairness?
Right after Jesus describes his crucifixion, two disciples ask for thrones. Why is that request placed exactly there?
The crowd told the blind men to be quiet, and they shouted louder. What does that say about the kind of asking Jesus honors?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

노트에 추가

1 For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. 2 He agreed to pay the workers one denarius for the day, and sent them to work in his vineyard. 3 Around 9 a.m. he went out and saw others without work standing in the marketplace. 4 ‘Go and work in the vineyard too, and I'll pay you what's right,’ he told them. 5 So they went to work. Around noon and 3 p.m. he went out and did the same thing. 6 At 5 p.m. he went out and found others standing there. ‘Why are you standing around all day doing nothing?’ he asked them. 7 ‘Because nobody has hired us,’ they replied. ‘Go and work in the vineyard too,’ he told them. 8 When evening came, the owner of the vineyard told his manager, ‘Call the workers in, and pay them their wages. Begin with the workers hired last and then move on to those hired first.’ 9 When those who were hired at 5 p.m. came in, they each received one denarius. 10 So when those who were hired first came in, they thought they would get more, but they also received one denarius. 11 When they received their pay, they complained to the owner. 12 ‘Those who were hired last only worked for an hour, and you've paid them the same as us who worked the whole day in the burning heat,’ they grumbled. 13 The owner answered one of them, ‘My friend, I haven't treated you unfairly. Didn't you agree with me to work for one denarius? 14 Take your pay and go. I want to pay those who were hired last the same as I paid you. 15 Can't I choose to do what I want with my own money? Why should you give me evil looks because I want to do good?’ 16 In this way the last shall be first and the first shall be last.” 17 On the way to Jerusalem, Jesus took the twelve disciples aside as they walked along and told them, 18 “Look, we're going to Jerusalem, and the Son of man will be betrayed to the chief priests and religious teachers. They will condemn him to death 19 and hand him over to the foreigners to mock him, whip him, and crucify him. But on the third day he will be raised from the dead.” 20 Then the mother of the sons of Zebedee came with her two sons to Jesus. She kneeled down before him to make a request. 21 “What is it you are asking me for?” Jesus said to her. “Please appoint my sons to sit beside you in your kingdom, one on your right and the other on your left,” she asked. 22 “You don't know what you're asking,” Jesus told them. “Are you able to drink the cup I'm about to drink?” “Yes, we are able to do that,” they told him. 23 “You will certainly drink from my cup,” he said to them, “but the privilege to sit on my right or on my left isn't mine to give. My Father is the one who has decided who that will be.” 24 When the other ten disciples heard what they had asked, they were annoyed with the two brothers. 25 Jesus called them together and told them, “You know that foreign rulers lord it over their subjects, and powerful leaders oppress them. 26 It shall not be like that for you. Whoever among you wants to be the most important will be your servant. 27 Whoever among you wants to be first will be like a slave. 28 In the same way, the Son of man didn't come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.” 29 As they left Jericho, a huge crowd followed Jesus. 30 Two blind men were sitting at the side of the road. When they heard that Jesus was passing by, they called out, “Have mercy on us, Lord, son of David!” 31 The crowd told them to be quiet, but they shouted even louder, “Have mercy on us, Lord, son of David!” 32 Jesus stopped. He called them over, asking, “What do you want me to do for you?” 33 “Lord, please make us able to see,” they replied. 34 Jesus had pity on them and touched their eyes. Immediately they could see, and they followed him.

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