1 Corinthians 10

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1 Corinthians 10 warns a confident church with the story of Israel in the wilderness. All of them were baptized into Moses in the cloud and the sea, all ate the spiritual food and drank from the rock that was Christ, and most of them died in the desert anyway for their sins. Those things were written as warnings for us: the one who thinks he stands should take care, and God faithfully provides a way out of every temptation. Then Paul applies it: flee idolatry, because the Lord's cup and bread are a sharing in Christ and you cannot drink the cup of demons too. Market meat may be eaten freely, but not when a conscience is at stake. Whatever you do, do it to the glory of God.

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1 Corinthians 10 is addressed to Christians who thought they were safe. They had knowledge, they had the sacraments, they knew an idol was nothing, and some of them were going to dinners in pagan temples to prove it. Paul answers with a history lesson. Our ancestors, he says, had it all: the cloud, the crossing of the sea, which was a kind of baptism, bread from heaven and water from a rock, which was a kind of communion, and Christ himself was the rock. And their bodies were scattered across the desert, because they made a calf and sat down to eat and drink and play, because they slept with the women of Moab, because they tested the Lord and grumbled against him. Those stories were written down for us, Paul says, the people on whom the end of the ages has arrived, so let the one who thinks he is standing watch his feet. Then comes the promise that has steadied more people than almost any other in the New Testament: no temptation has taken you that is not common to everyone, and God is faithful and will always leave a way out. From there the argument turns to the table. The cup we bless is a sharing in Christ's blood, the bread a sharing in his body, and because there is one loaf we are one body; a temple feast is a sharing with demons, and you cannot sit at both tables. In ordinary life, eat what the market sells and what your neighbor serves, and stop only when someone else's conscience is on the line. Do it all, Paul ends, for the glory of God.

Passi chiave

1 Corinthians 10:1-13 1 Corinthians 10:14-22 1 Corinthians 10:23-30 1 Corinthians 10:31-33 1 Corinthians 8:4-13 Numbers 25:1-9

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55 to a church in a city full of temples, where most meat sold in the market had passed through a sacrifice and where civic and social life revolved around dinners in temple precincts. Some Corinthians, confident in their knowledge that idols were nothing, were attending such feasts, and this chapter closes the argument that began in chapter 8. The wilderness events, the golden calf with its eating and revelry, the plague after Baal-peor, the snakes, and the deaths of the grumblers, come from Exodus and Numbers, and the rabbinic tradition of a rock that followed Israel through the desert lies behind verse 4. The "cup of blessing" is the third cup of the Passover meal, taken into the Lord's Supper.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 5 recall the privileges of the wilderness generation and their deaths. Verses 6 to 10 list four sins to avoid, each with its wilderness precedent. Verses 11 to 13 draw the lesson, with the warning to the confident and the promise of a way of escape. Verses 14 to 22 argue from the Lord's Supper and Israel's altar that eating at an idol's table is participation with demons and provokes the Lord to jealousy. Verses 23 to 30 give practical rules: freedom to eat market meat and to dine with unbelievers, restraint when a conscience is in view. Verses 31 to 33 close with the glory of God, the avoidance of offense, and Paul's own example of seeking the good of many.

Why this chapter matters

Verse 13, "God is faithful; He will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear," is one of the most quoted promises in the New Testament, and verse 31, "whatever you do, do it all to the glory of God," has been a motto of Christian vocation. Verses 16 and 17, the cup as a sharing in Christ's blood and the one loaf making many one body, are foundational for every theology of the Eucharist and of the church as one body. The chapter's reading of the exodus as a pattern for the church, with baptism and spiritual food and drink, established the typological reading of the Old Testament that runs through Christian interpretation.

Interpretive tension to watch

Verse 13 is often quoted as a promise about suffering, though it is about temptation, and readers must decide how far it reaches. Paul both affirms that idols are nothing and warns that pagan sacrifices involve demons, two positions he holds together but does not fully reconcile. The rule about not eating when someone points out the meat's origin, "the other one's conscience, I mean, not your own," is followed by questions in verses 29 and 30 that seem to argue the opposite, and interpreters differ on whether Paul is voicing a Corinthian objection. The rock that "accompanied them" reads a Jewish legend as Christ, which raises the question of how Paul uses Scripture.

Domande per questo capitolo

Israel had the cloud, the sea, the manna, and the rock, and still fell. What privileges tempt believers today to think they are safe?
"You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons too." What tables in your life compete with the Lord's table?
Paul gives up a freedom for the sake of someone else's conscience. When have you done that, and when should you not?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

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1 そこで、兄弟たち。私はあなたがたにぜひ次のことを知ってもらいたいのです。私たちの先祖はみな、雲の下におり、みな海を通って行きました。 2 そしてみな、雲と海とで、モーセにつくバプテスマを受け、 3 みな同じ御霊の食べ物を食べ、 4 みな同じ御霊の飲み物を飲みました。というのは、彼らについて来た御霊の岩から飲んだからです。その岩とはキリストです。 5 にもかかわらず、彼らの大部分は神のみこころにかなわず、荒野で滅ぼされました。 6 これらのことが起こったのは、私たちへの戒めのためです。それは、彼らがむさぼったように私たちが悪をむさぼることのないためです。 7 あなたがたは、彼らの中のある人たちにならって、偶像崇拝者となってはいけません。聖書には、「民が、すわっては飲み食いし、立っては踊った。」と書いてあります。 8 また、私たちは、彼らのある人たちが姦淫をしたのにならって姦淫をすることはないようにしましょう。彼らは姦淫のゆえに一日に二万三千人死にました。 9 私たちは、さらに、彼らの中のある人たちが主を試みたのにならって主を試みることはないようにしましょう。彼らは蛇に滅ぼされました。 10 また、彼らの中のある人たちがつぶやいたのにならってつぶやいてはいけません。彼らは滅ぼす者に滅ぼされました。 11 これらのことが彼らに起こったのは、戒めのためであり、それが書かれたのは、世の終わりに臨んでいる私たちへの教訓とするためです。 12 ですから、立っていると思う者は、倒れないように気をつけなさい。 13 あなたがたの会った試練はみな人の知らないようなものではありません。神は真実な方ですから、あなたがたを耐えることのできないような試練に会わせるようなことはなさいません。むしろ、耐えることのできるように、試練とともに、脱出の道も備えてくださいます。 14 ですから、私の愛する者たちよ。偶像礼拝を避けなさい。 15 私は賢い人たちに話すように話します。ですから私の言うことを判断してください。 16 私たちが祝福する祝福の杯は、キリストの血にあずかることではありませんか。私たちの裂くパンは、キリストのからだにあずかることではありませんか。 17 パンは一つですから、私たちは、多数であっても、一つのからだです。それは、みなの者がともに一つのパンを食べるからです。 18 肉によるイスラエルのことを考えてみなさい。供え物を食べる者は、祭壇にあずかるではありませんか。 19 私は何を言おうとしているのでしょう。偶像の神にささげた肉に、何か意味があるとか、偶像の神に真実な意味があるとか、言おうとしているのでしょうか。 20 いや、彼らのささげる物は、神にではなくて悪霊にささげられている、と言っているのです。私は、あなたがたに悪霊と交わる者になってもらいたくありません。 21 あなたがたが主の杯を飲んだうえ、さらに悪霊の杯を飲むことは、できないことです。主の食卓にあずかったうえ、さらに悪霊の食卓にあずかることはできないことです。 22 それとも、私たちは主のねたみを引き起こそうとするのですか。まさか、私たちが主よりも強いことはないでしょう。 23 すべてのことは、してもよいのです。しかし、すべてのことが有益とはかぎりません。すべてのことは、してもよいのです。しかし、すべてのことが徳を高めるとはかぎりません。 24 だれでも、自分の利益を求めないで、他人の利益を心がけなさい。 25 市場に売っている肉は、良心の問題として調べ上げることはしないで、どれでも食べなさい。 26 地とそれに満ちているものは、主のものだからです。 27 もし、あなたがたが信仰のない者に招待されて、行きたいと思うときは、良心の問題として調べ上げることはしないで、自分の前に置かれる物はどれでも食べなさい。 28 しかし、もしだれかが、「これは偶像にささげた肉です。」とあなたがたに言うなら、そう知らせた人のために、また良心のために、食べてはいけません。 29 私が良心と言うのは、あなたの良心ではなく、ほかの人の良心です。私の自由が、他の人の良心によってさばかれるわけがあるでしょうか。 30 もし、私が神に感謝をささげて食べるなら、私が感謝する物のために、そしられるわけがあるでしょうか。 31 こういうわけで、あなたがたは、食べるにも、飲むにも、何をするにも、ただ神の栄光を現わすためにしなさい。 32 ユダヤ人にも、ギリシヤ人にも、神の教会にも、つまずきを与えないようにしなさい。 33 私も、人々が救われるために、自分の利益を求めず、多くの人の利益を求め、どんなことでも、みなの人を喜ばせているのですから。

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