Matthew 10

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Matthew 10 is Jesus' mission discourse. He gives the twelve disciples authority over sickness and unclean spirits, names them, and sends them to the lost sheep of Israel with the message that the kingdom of heaven is near. The instructions cover travelling light, accepting hospitality, and shaking the dust off towns that refuse. Then the horizon widens: they will be flogged, tried before governors, betrayed by family, and hated for his name, yet the Spirit will give them words, and the Father who counts sparrows has numbered every hair on their heads. The chapter ends with the cost of discipleship, a cross to carry and a life to lose, and the reward for anyone who gives a disciple a cup of cold water.

Apri commento del capitolo

Matthew 10 is the second of the five great speeches that give Matthew's Gospel its shape, and it is the one about being sent. Jesus has just looked at the crowds like sheep without a shepherd and told his disciples to pray for workers; now he makes them the workers. He gives the Twelve his own authority over disease and demons, names them, and sends them out with almost nothing: no money, no bag, no second tunic, no staff. They are to announce that the kingdom is near, heal, and move on, blessing the homes that welcome them and shaking the dust off the ones that do not. Then the speech changes register. It stops describing a short tour of Galilean villages and starts describing a lifetime. They will be handed over to councils, flogged in synagogues, dragged before governors, betrayed by their own brothers. Matthew has folded into this chapter words that Mark keeps for the end of the age, so that every later reader hears the instructions as addressed to them. The center of the speech is a small argument about fear. Do not fear the people who can only kill the body. Two sparrows sell for a penny and not one falls without your Father; the hairs of your head are counted; you are worth more than many sparrows. From there Jesus goes to the hardest words in the chapter, the sword that divides families and the cross that each follower must carry, and then, almost gently, to the last line: a cup of cold water given to one of these little ones will not lose its reward.

Passi chiave

Matthew 10:5-8 Matthew 10:16-20 Matthew 10:28-31 Matthew 10:37-39 Luke 9:1-6 Mark 13:9-13

Historical and literary context

Matthew gathers into one speech material that Mark and Luke spread across several settings, including sayings about persecution that Mark places in Jesus' teaching about the end of the age. The result reads as instructions for two audiences at once: the Twelve on their first tour of Galilean villages around AD 30, and Matthew's own church a generation later, facing synagogue discipline and Roman courts. The restriction to Israel in verse 5 reflects the first mission; the trials before governors and kings in verse 18 reflect the later one. Travelling teachers who depended on hospitality were a familiar feature of the Jewish and Greco-Roman world, and the rules about staying in one house and accepting what is offered echo that practice.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 4 give the authority and the names of the Twelve. Verses 5 to 15 give the marching orders: the audience, the message, the miracles, the packing list, and the response to welcome or rejection. Verses 16 to 23 predict persecution by courts, synagogues, and families, with the promise of the Spirit's help and the command to flee to the next town. Verses 24 to 33 argue from the disciple's likeness to the master, the sparrows, and the numbered hairs, to the call to confess Christ without fear. Verses 34 to 39 speak of the sword that divides families and the cross that must be carried. Verses 40 to 42 close with the rewards of receiving a disciple.

Why this chapter matters

This is the chapter that defines Christian mission as both sent and costly. "Freely you have received; freely give" in verse 8 shaped the church's refusal to charge for the gospel. "Sheep among wolves, shrewd as snakes and innocent as doves" in verse 16 is the classic description of the believer's posture in a hostile world. The sparrows and the numbered hairs of verses 29 to 31 have comforted the persecuted for two thousand years. "Whoever finds his life will lose it" in verse 39 is one of the most repeated sayings of Jesus, appearing in some form in all four Gospels.

Interpretive tension to watch

Verse 23 says the disciples will not finish the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes, a line that has been read as the resurrection, the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, or the final return, none of which fits without remainder. Verse 5 restricts the mission to Israel while 28:19 sends the church to all nations; Matthew presents this as a sequence, not a contradiction. The sword of verse 34 sits uneasily beside the Prince of Peace until one notices that Jesus is describing the effect of loyalty to him on families, not a method he recommends.

Domande per questo capitolo

Jesus tells the Twelve to take no money, bag, or spare clothes. What does depending on the hospitality of strangers do to the way a message is delivered?
Verses 28 to 31 place "do not be afraid" next to a warning about the One who can destroy soul and body. How do those two fears relate?
The chapter says loyalty to Jesus will divide households. How should a disciple hold that alongside the command to honor father and mother?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

Aggiungi alle note

1 耶稣叫了十二个门徒来，给他们权柄，能赶逐污鬼，并医治各样的病症。 2 这十二使徒的名：头一个叫西门（又称彼得），还有他兄弟安得烈，西庇太的儿子雅各和雅各的兄弟约翰， 3 腓力和巴多罗买，多马和税吏马太，亚勒腓的儿子雅各，和达太， 4 奋锐党的西门，还有卖耶稣的加略人犹大。 5 耶稣差这十二个人去，吩咐他们说：「外邦人的路，你们不要走；撒马利亚人的城，你们不要进； 6 宁可往以色列家迷失的羊那里去。 7 随走随传，说『天国近了！』 8 医治病人，叫死人复活，叫长大麻风的洁净，把鬼赶出去。你们白白地得来，也要白白地舍去。 9 腰袋里不要带金银铜钱； 10 行路不要带口袋；不要带两件褂子，也不要带鞋和拐杖。因为工人得饮食是应当的。 11 你们无论进哪一城，哪一村，要打听那里谁是好人，就住在他家，直住到走的时候。 12 进他家里去，要请他的安。 13 那家若配得平安，你们所求的平安就必临到那家；若不配得，你们所求的平安仍归你们。 14 凡不接待你们、不听你们话的人，你们离开那家，或是那城的时候，就把脚上的尘土跺下去。 15 我实在告诉你们，当审判的日子，所多玛和蛾摩拉所受的，比那城还容易受呢！」 16 「我差你们去，如同羊进入狼群；所以你们要灵巧像蛇，驯良像鸽子。 17 你们要防备人；因为他们要把你们交给公会，也要在会堂里鞭打你们， 18 并且你们要为我的缘故被送到诸侯君王面前，对他们和外邦人作见证。 19 你们被交的时候，不要思虑怎样说话，或说什么话。到那时候，必赐给你们当说的话； 20 因为不是你们自己说的，乃是你们父的灵在你们里头说的。 21 弟兄要把弟兄，父亲要把儿子，送到死地；儿女要与父母为敌，害死他们； 22 并且你们要为我的名被众人恨恶。惟有忍耐到底的必然得救。 23 有人在这城里逼迫你们，就逃到那城里去。我实在告诉你们，以色列的城邑，你们还没有走遍，人子就到了。 24 学生不能高过先生；仆人不能高过主人。 25 学生和先生一样，仆人和主人一样，也就罢了。人既骂家主是别西卜，何况他的家人呢？」 26 「所以，不要怕他们；因为掩盖的事没有不露出来的，隐藏的事没有不被人知道的。 27 我在暗中告诉你们的，你们要在明处说出来；你们耳中所听的，要在房上宣扬出来。 28 那杀身体、不能杀灵魂的，不要怕他们；惟有能把身体和灵魂都灭在地狱里的，正要怕他。 29 两个麻雀不是卖一分银子吗？若是你们的父不许，一个也不能掉在地上； 30 就是你们的头发也都被数过了。 31 所以，不要惧怕，你们比许多麻雀还贵重！」 32 「凡在人面前认我的，我在我天上的父面前也必认他； 33 凡在人面前不认我的，我在我天上的父面前也必不认他。」 34 「你们不要想我来是叫地上太平；我来并不是叫地上太平，乃是叫地上动刀兵。 35 因为我来是叫人与父亲生疏，女儿与母亲生疏，媳妇与婆婆生疏。 36 人的仇敌就是自己家里的人。 37 「爱父母过于爱我的，不配作我的门徒；爱儿女过于爱我的，不配作我的门徒； 38 不背着他的十字架跟从我的，也不配作我的门徒。 39 得着生命的，将要失丧生命；为我失丧生命的，将要得着生命。」 40 「人接待你们就是接待我；接待我就是接待那差我来的。 41 人因为先知的名接待先知，必得先知所得的赏赐；人因为义人的名接待义人，必得义人所得的赏赐。 42 无论何人，因为门徒的名，只把一杯凉水给这小子里的一个喝，我实在告诉你们，这人不能不得赏赐。」

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