1 Corinthians 9

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1 Corinthians 9 is Paul's defense of his freedom and his explanation of why he gives it up. He has every right to be supported by the churches he serves: soldiers are paid, the law forbids muzzling a threshing ox, temple priests eat from the altar, and the Lord commanded that preachers live from the gospel. Yet Paul has used none of these rights, working with his hands so that the gospel costs nothing. Preaching is not his boast but his obligation; his reward is to offer it free. He has made himself a slave to all, a Jew to Jews, weak to the weak, all things to all people to save some. The chapter ends with the runner and the boxer who discipline their bodies for an imperishable crown.

Apri commento del capitolo

1 Corinthians 9 sounds at first like a man defending his expenses, and in a way it is. Some in Corinth had noticed that Paul refused their money, and had drawn conclusions: either he was not a real apostle, or he knew his work was not worth paying for. Paul answers with a barrage of questions. Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Do soldiers pay their own way? Does a farmer not eat his own grapes? Does the law not say you may not muzzle the ox that treads the grain? Do the priests not eat from the altar? Did the Lord not say that those who preach should live from the preaching? Having established the right beyond argument, he says he has never used it and never will. He would rather die. Preaching is not something he can take credit for, since he is under orders, woe to me if I do not preach; the only thing left to boast about is giving it away for nothing. Then he explains a policy that has puzzled and inspired the church ever since. Free of everyone, he has made himself everyone's slave: a Jew among Jews, an outsider among outsiders, weak among the weak, all things to all people, to save some of them. The chapter ends at the games that Corinth hosted every other year. Everyone runs, one wins; the athletes train hard for a crown of leaves that will be brown in a week; we run for one that lasts. So Paul runs with purpose, boxes with aim, and keeps his own body in hand, so that the man who preached to others is not himself disqualified.

Passi chiave

1 Corinthians 9:1-14 1 Corinthians 9:15-18 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 Deuteronomy 25:4 Philippians 3:12-14

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55. Traveling teachers in the Greek world were expected to accept fees or patronage, and Paul's refusal of Corinthian money, while he accepted gifts from Philippi, had become a point of suspicion, as if he did not consider himself a real apostle or was hiding something. He supported himself as a leatherworker, a low-status trade. "Cephas" is Peter, who traveled with his wife; "the Lord's brothers" include James. The command that preachers live from the gospel echoes Jesus' saying that the worker deserves his wages. Corinth hosted the Isthmian Games every two years, so the runner, the boxer, and the perishable crown of pine or celery leaves were local images.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 6 assert Paul's apostleship and his rights to food, drink, a wife, and support. Verses 7 to 14 argue the right from common life, from the law of Moses on the ox, from the temple, and from the Lord's command. Verses 15 to 18 explain why he waives it: the gospel free of charge is his boast and reward, since preaching itself is compulsion. Verses 19 to 23 describe his adaptability, all things to all people, for the sake of the gospel. Verses 24 to 27 draw the athletic conclusion: run to win, train with discipline, do not be disqualified.

Why this chapter matters

"I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some" is the founding text of Christian mission strategy and of every argument for adapting the form of the message to its hearers. "Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel" has been the confession of preachers for two millennia, and verse 14 is the biblical basis for paying ministers. The runner and the imperishable crown gave Christian devotion its language of training, discipline, and finishing the race. Paul's example of waiving a right for the gospel's sake, which closes the argument about food offered to idols begun in chapter 8, is the classic case of freedom limited by love.

Interpretive tension to watch

"All things to all people" is easily read as a license for chameleon behavior, and interpreters stress the limits Paul himself states: he is under the law of Christ, and the goal is salvation, not approval. His refusal of support in Corinth while accepting it elsewhere was read by some as inconsistency, and 2 Corinthians shows the accusation stuck. Verse 27, "I myself will not be disqualified," raises the question of whether Paul thought he could lose his salvation, or only his usefulness or reward; the traditions divide. And his reading of the muzzled ox, "Is it about oxen that God is concerned?", is an early example of typological interpretation that some find strained.

Domande per questo capitolo

Paul had a right to be paid and chose not to use it. What right of yours might the gospel ask you to lay down?
"All things to all people" has limits. How do you adapt to the people you want to reach without losing what you are trying to give them?
Athletes train for a crown that withers. What would training look like for the crown that does not?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

Aggiungi alle note

1 Zdaliž nejsem apoštol? Zdaliž nejsem svobodný? Zdaliž jsem Jezukrista Pána našeho neviděl? Zdaliž vy nejste práce má v Pánu? 2 Bychť pak jiným nebyl apoštol, tedy vám jsem. Nebo pečet mého apoštolství vy jste v Pánu. 3 Odpověd má před těmi, jenž mne soudí, ta jest: 4 Zdaliž nemáme moci jísti a píti? 5 Zdaliž nemáme moci sestry ženy při sobě míti, jako i jiní apoštolé, i bratří Páně, i Petr? 6 Zdaliž sám já a Barnabáš nemáme moci tělesných prací zanechati? 7 I kdo bojuje kdy na svůj náklad? Kdo štěpuje vinici a jejího ovoce nejí? Anebo kdo pase stádo a mléka od stáda nejí? 8 Zdali podle člověka to pravím? Zdaliž i Zákon toho nepraví? 9 Nebo v Zákoně Mojžíšově psáno jest: Nezavížeš úst volu mlátícímu. I zdali Bůh tak o voly pečuje? 10 Èili naprosto pro nás to praví? Pro násť jistě to napsáno jest. Nebo kdo oře, v naději orati má; a kdo mlátí v naději, naděje své má účasten býti. 11 Poněvadž jsme my vám duchovní věci rozsívali, tak-liž jest pak to veliká věc, jestliže bychom my vaše časné věci žali? 12 Kdyžť jiní práva svého k vám užívají, proč ne raději my? Avšak neužívali jsme práva toho, ale všecko snášíme, abychom žádné překážky neučinili evangelium Kristovu. 13 Zdaliž nevíte, že ti, kteříž o svatých věcech pracují, z svatých věcí jedí, a kteříž oltáři přístojí, s oltářem spolu díl mají? 14 Tak jest i Pán nařídil těm, kteříž evangelium zvěstují, aby z evangelium živi byli. 15 Jáť jsem však ničeho toho neužíval. Aniž jsem toho proto psal, aby se to při mně tak dálo, anoť by mi mnohem lépe bylo umříti, nežli aby kdo chválu mou vyprázdnil. 16 Nebo káži-li evangelium, nemám se čím chlubiti, poněvadž jsem to povinen; ale běda by mně bylo, kdybych nekázal. 17 Jestližeť pak dobrovolně to činím, mámť odplatu; pakli bezděky, úřadť jest mi svěřen. 18 Jakouž tedy mám odplatu? abych evangelium káže, bez nákladů býti evangelium Kristovo uložil, proto abych zle nepožíval práva svého při evangelium. 19 Svoboden zajisté jsa ode všech, všechněm sebe samého v službu jsem vydal, abych mnohé získal. 20 A učiněn jsem Židům jako Žid, abych Židy získal; těm, kteříž pod Zákonem jsou, jako bych pod Zákonem byl, abych ty, kteříž pod Zákonem jsou, získal. 21 Těm, kteříž jsou bez Zákona, jako bych bez Zákona byl, (a nejsa bez Zákona Bohu, ale jsa v Zákoně Kristu,) abych získal ty, jenž jsou bez Zákona. 22 Učiněn jsem mdlým jako mdlý, abych mdlé získal. Všechněm všecko jsem učiněn, abych vždy některé k spasení přivedl. 23 A toť činím pro evangelium, abych účastník jeho byl. 24 Zdaliž nevíte, že ti, kteříž v závod běží, všickni zajisté běží, ale jeden béře základ? Tak běžte, abyste základu dosáhli. 25 A všeliký, kdož bojuje, ve všem jest zdrželivý. A oni zajisté, aby porušitelnou korunu vzali, jsou zdrželiví, ale my neporušitelnou. 26 Protož já tak běžím, ne jako v nejistotu, tak bojuji, ne jako vítr rozrážeje, 27 Ale podmaňuji tělo své a v službu podrobuji, abych snad jiným káže, sám nebyl nešlechetný.

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