Ezekiel 23

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Ezekiel 23 is an allegory of two sisters, Oholah and Oholibah, who stand for Samaria and Jerusalem. Both prostituted themselves in Egypt in their youth; Oholah then lusted after the Assyrians, and God handed her over to them, who stripped and killed her. Oholibah saw it and went further, chasing the Assyrians, then the Babylonians whose pictures on a wall aroused her, then Egypt again. So God will bring her lovers against her from every side to mutilate her, seize her children, and burn what is left; she will drink her sister's cup of ruin. The chapter closes with the charges against both, adultery, child sacrifice, and the profaning of God's sanctuary, and the sentence: a mob will stone and burn them, so that all women learn not to imitate them.

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Ezekiel 23 is a chapter many Bibles print without comment and many readers skip, and it is meant to be unbearable. The prophet, living among the exiles in Babylon, tells the story of two sisters who were prostitutes from their youth in Egypt. Their names are Oholah and Oholibah, and the prophet leaves no doubt who they are: Samaria and Jerusalem, the two capitals of God's people. Oholah, the elder, threw herself at the Assyrian officers in their blue uniforms, and God let those very lovers strip and kill her, which is how Samaria fell in 722. Her sister watched and learned nothing. Oholibah wanted the Assyrians too, then saw pictures of Babylonian officers painted on a wall and sent for them, then, sickened by them, turned back to Egypt, the lover of her youth. Every one of these affairs is a treaty: Ezekiel sees Judah's century of playing the great powers against each other as a marriage betrayed again and again, because every alliance meant bowing to the ally's gods. So God will send the lovers back as executioners, and the sentence is described with a violence the prophet does not soften, ending with a cup, the same cup her sister drank, deep and wide and full of horror. In the last section the imagery gives way to a charge sheet: adultery, children burned as food for idols, and the sanctuary defiled on the same day. Under all of it is one sentence, the real accusation: you have forgotten me and thrown me behind your back.

Historical and literary context

Ezekiel prophesied among the exiles in Babylon between 593 and 571 BC, and this oracle belongs to the years before Jerusalem's fall in 587. The sisters' names, roughly "her tent" and "my tent is in her," contrast the northern kingdom's self-made worship with the temple in Jerusalem. Samaria had courted Assyria and fallen to it in 722; Judah had wavered between Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt for a century, and Ezekiel reads every alliance as adultery, since treaties involved acknowledging the partner's gods. The wall paintings of Chaldean officers reflect Babylonian art. Child sacrifice to Molech in the Hinnom valley is documented by Jeremiah and Kings. The mutilation of noses and ears was a known ancient punishment for adultery.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 4 introduce the two sisters, their youth in Egypt, and their identities. Verses 5 to 10 tell Oholah's affair with Assyria and her destruction. Verses 11 to 21 tell Oholibah's worse career with Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt. Verses 22 to 35 pronounce her sentence: her lovers turned against her, the stripping, the mutilation, the cup of her sister, and the reason, "you have forgotten Me." Verses 36 to 45 restate the charges as a legal case: adultery, child sacrifice, defiling the sanctuary, and luring lovers from afar. Verses 46 to 49 give the final judgment by a mob, with the closing formula, "then you will know that I am the Lord GOD."

Why this chapter matters

The chapter, with its companion in Ezekiel 16 and Hosea 1 to 3, is the Bible's most extended use of marriage and adultery as a picture of the covenant and its betrayal, and it lies behind the New Testament's language of the church as bride and of friendship with the world as adultery. Its political theology, that trusting foreign powers is unfaithfulness to God, is the prophetic tradition at its sharpest. The line "you have forgotten Me and cast Me behind your back" names the root of the sin beneath all the imagery. The cup passed from sister to sister became the cup of wrath that Jesus asked to have taken from him.

Interpretive tension to watch

The chapter is the most sexually explicit in the Bible and describes violence against women in detail, and readers, especially in the last generation, have asked whether an allegory that pictures God's people as a woman to be stripped and mutilated can be read without harm; interpreters answer variously that the imagery is aimed at male political elites, that it reflects its culture's brutality, and that its shock is intentional. Ancient rabbis debated whether the chapter should be read in public at all. The historical detail, Oholibah turning from Babylon back to Egypt, corresponds to Zedekiah's revolt. And the chapter ends in judgment without the promise of restoration that Ezekiel 16 adds.

Bu bölüm için sorular

  • Ezekiel treats political alliances as adultery against God. What do communities today trust instead of God, and what does that trust cost?
  • The root charge is "you have forgotten Me." How does forgetting God happen gradually, before any dramatic betrayal?
  • This chapter is deliberately shocking. What does it say about God that he uses such language about being betrayed?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

1 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 2 Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother: 3 and they committed whoredoms in Egypt; they committed whoredoms in their youth: there were their breasts pressed, and there they bruised the teats of their virginity. 4 And the names of them were Oholah the elder, and Oholibah her sister: and they became mine, and they bare sons and daughters. And as for their names, Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem Oholibah. 5 And Oholah played the harlot when she was mine; and she doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians [her ]neighbours, 6 which were clothed with blue, governors and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding upon horses. 7 And she bestowed her whoredoms upon them, the choicest men of Assyria all of them: and on whomsoever she doted, with all their idols she defiled herself. 8 Neither hath, she left her whoredoms since [the days of ]Egypt; for in her youth they lay with her, and they bruised the teats of her virginity: and they poured out their whoredom upon her. 9 Wherefore I delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted. 10 These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her daughters, and her they slew with the sword: and she became a byword among women; for they executed judgments upon her. 11 And her sister Oholibah saw this, yet was she more corrupt in her doting than she, and in her whoredoms which were more than the whoredoms of her sister. 12 She doted upon the Assyrians, governors and rulers, [her ]neighbours, clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding upon horses, all of them desirable young men. 13 And I saw that she was defiled; they both took one way. 14 And she increased her whoredoms; for she saw men pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion, 15 girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look upon, after the likeness of the Babylonians in Chaldea, the land of their nativity. 16 And as soon as she saw them she doted upon them, and sent messengers unto them into Chaldea. 17 And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love; and they defiled her with their whoredom, and she was polluted with them, and her soul was alienated from them. 18 So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my soul was alienated from her, like as my soul was alienated from her sister. 19 Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, remembering the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt. 20 And she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses. 21 Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth, in the bruising of thy teats by the Egyptians for the breasts of thy youth. 22 Therefore, O Oholibah, thus saith the Lord GOD: Behold, I will raise up thy lovers against thee, from whom thy soul is alienated, and I will bring them against thee on every side; 23 the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod and Shoa and Koa, [and ]all the Assyrians with them: desirable young men, governors and rulers all of them, princes and men of renown, all of them riding upon horses. 24 And they shall come against thee with weapons, chariots, and wagons, and with an assembly of peoples; they shall set themselves against thee with buckler and shield and helmet round about: and I will commit the judgment unto them, and they shall judge thee according to their judgments. 25 And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal with thee in fury: they shall take away thy nose and thine ears; and thy residue shall fall by the sword: they shall take thy sons and thy daughters; and thy residue shall be devoured by the fire. 26 They shall also strip thee of thy clothes, and take away thy fair jewels. 27 Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee, and thy whoredom [brought ]from the land of Egypt: so that thou shalt not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more. 28 For thus saith the Lord GOD: Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy soul is alienated: 29 and they shall deal with thee in hatred, and shall take away all thy labour, and shall leave thee naked and bare: and the nakedness of thy whoredoms shall be discovered, both thy lewdness and thy whoredoms. 30 These things shall be done unto thee, for that thou hast gone a whoring after the heathen, and because thou art polluted with their idols. 31 Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister; therefore will I give her cup into thine hand. 32 Thus saith the Lord GOD: Thou shalt drink of thy sister’s cup, which is deep and large: thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision; it containeth much. 33 Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of thy sister Samaria. 34 Thou shalt even drink it and drain it out, and thou shalt gnaw the sherds thereof, and shalt tear thy breasts: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. 35 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD: Because thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behind thy back, therefore bear thou also thy lewdness and thy whoredoms. 36 The LORD said moreover unto me: Son of man, wilt thou judge Oholah and Oholibah? then declare unto them their abominations. 37 For they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands, and with their idols have they committed adultery; and they have also caused their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass through [the fire ]unto them to be devoured. 38 Moreover this they have done unto me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths. 39 For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and, lo, thus have they done in the midst of mine house. 40 And furthermore ye have sent for men that come from far: unto whom a messenger was sent, and, lo, they came; for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thine eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments; 41 and satest upon a stately bed. with a table prepared before it, whereupon thou didst set mine incense and mine oil. 42 And the voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with men of the common sort were brought drunkards from the wilderness; and they put bracelets upon the hands of them [twain], and beautiful crowns upon their heads. 43 Then said I of her that was old in adulteries, Now will they commit whoredoms with her, and she [with them]. 44 And they went in unto her, as they go in unto an harlot: so went they in unto Oholah and unto Oholibah, the lewd women. 45 And righteous men, they shall judge them with the judgment of adulteresses, and with the judgment of women that shed blood; because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands. 46 For thus saith the Lord GOD: I will bring up an assembly against them, and will give them to be tossed to and fro and spoiled. 47 And the assembly shall stone them with stones, and despatch them with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire. 48 Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness. 49 And they shall recompense your lewdness upon you, and ye shall bear the sins of your idols: and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD.

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