John 8

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John 8 contains the story of the woman caught in adultery and the longest debate in the Gospels between Jesus and the religious leaders of Jerusalem. The scribes and Pharisees bring the woman to trap him; he writes on the ground and says that whoever is without sin should throw the first stone, and one by one they leave. Then, in the temple courts, Jesus declares "I am the light of the world," defends the validity of his testimony, warns that his hearers will die in their sins unless they believe, and tells those who had believed that the truth will set them free. The argument over Abraham's children turns bitter, ends with "before Abraham was born, I am," and they pick up stones.

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John 8 opens at dawn in the temple courts with a trap. A woman caught in adultery is dragged before Jesus, and he is asked whether the law of Moses should be carried out; if he says yes, he has taken a life into his hands, and if he says no, he has set aside the law. He bends down and writes in the dust, and when they keep pressing, he straightens up and says that the one without sin should throw the first stone. They leave, oldest first. Alone with her, he neither condemns nor excuses: go, and sin no more. Most early manuscripts do not have this story, and most Bibles mark that, but almost everyone agrees that it sounds exactly like him. What follows is the longest and hardest argument in the Gospels. Against the backdrop of the festival lamps in the Court of the Women, Jesus says he is the light of the world. His hearers challenge his right to speak for himself, and he answers that the Father testifies with him. He tells them they will die in their sins unless they believe who he is, and many do believe. Then, to those very believers, he says that the truth will free them if they hold to his word, and the conversation collapses. They are Abraham's children and have never been slaves; he says everyone who sins is a slave; they say God is their Father; he says that if that were true they would love him. The exchange becomes as bitter as any in the New Testament, and it ends with the most staggering claim in the book, "before Abraham was born, I am," and stones in their hands.

Historical and literary context

The story of the woman, 7:53 to 8:11, is missing from the earliest and best manuscripts of John and appears in different places in others; most scholars think it is an authentic memory of Jesus preserved outside John and added later, which is why modern Bibles set it off with brackets. The rest of the chapter continues the Feast of Tabernacles setting of chapter 7. During that feast great lamps were lit in the Court of the Women, near the treasury named in verse 20, which gives "I am the light of the world" its setting. The debate over descent from Abraham reflects first-century Jewish confidence in covenant birth, and "before Abraham was, I am" echoes the divine name of Exodus 3:14, which is why the response is an attempt to stone him.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 11: the woman caught in adultery, the trap, the writing on the ground, the departure of the accusers, and "Neither do I condemn you; go and sin no more." Verses 12 to 20: the light of the world and the dispute over self-testimony, with the Father as second witness. Verses 21 to 30: "Where I am going, you cannot come," from above and from below, and many believe. Verses 31 to 47: the truth that frees, slavery to sin, children of Abraham and children of the devil. Verses 48 to 59: the charge of demon possession, "if anyone keeps My word, he will never see death," the claim to precede Abraham, and the stones.

Why this chapter matters

Verse 7, "Let him who is without sin among you be the first to cast a stone," and verse 32, "the truth will set you free," are among the best known sentences in the world, the second inscribed on universities and government buildings that rarely quote the verse before it, "if you continue in My word." Verse 12 is one of John's seven "I am" sayings with a predicate, and verse 58 is the climactic one without, the clearest claim to divinity in the Gospel. The shape of the whole chapter, an invitation that hardens into conflict, is John's picture of what happens when light meets those who prefer the dark.

Interpretive tension to watch

Verse 44, "You belong to your father, the devil," was addressed to a specific group of Judean opponents in a first-century argument among Jews, but it has been torn from that setting for centuries to justify hatred of Jews, a history any honest reading must acknowledge. The status of the adultery story is a second tension: its authenticity as text is doubtful while its authenticity as a portrait of Jesus is widely accepted. Finally, the chapter says both that "many believed" and that those believers wanted to kill him, a sequence that raises the question of what believing amounts to.

Bu bölüm için sorular

  • Jesus neither condemns the woman nor excuses her. How do "neither do I condemn you" and "sin no more" belong together?
  • Verse 32 is quoted everywhere without verse 31. What does "continue in My word" add to "the truth will set you free"?
  • The chapter moves from "many believed" to picking up stones. What kind of belief survives being told the truth?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

1 And Iesus went vnto the mount of Oliues, 2 And early in the morning came againe into the Temple, and all the people came vnto him, and he sate downe, and taught them. 3 Then the Scribes, and the Pharises brought vnto him a woman, taken in adulterie, and set her in the middes, 4 And said vnto him, Master, we foud this woman committing adulterie, euen in the very acte. 5 Now Moses in our Law commanded, that such should be stoned: what sayest thou therefore? 6 And this they saide to tempt him, that they might haue, whereof to accuse him. But Iesus stouped downe, and with his finger wrote on the groud. 7 And while they continued asking him, hee lift himselfe vp, and sayde vnto them, Let him that is among you without sinne, cast the first stone at her. 8 And againe hee stouped downe, and wrote on the ground. 9 And when they heard it, being accused by their owne conscience, they went out one by one, beginning at ye eldest euen to the last: so Iesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the mids. 10 When Iesus had lift vp himselfe againe, and sawe no man, but the woman, hee saide vnto her, Woman, where are those thine accusers? hath no man condemned thee? 11 She said, No man, Lord. And Iesus said, Neither do I condemne thee: go and sinne no more. 12 Then spake Iesus againe vnto them, saying, I am that light of the worlde: hee that followeth mee, shall not walke in darkenes, but shall haue that light of life. 13 The Pharises therefore saide vnto him, Thou bearest recorde of thy selfe: thy recorde is not true. 14 Iesus answered, and sayde vnto them, Though I beare recorde of my selfe, yet my recorde is true: for I know whence I came, and whither I go: but ye cannot tell whence I come, and whither I goe. 15 Ye iudge after the flesh: I iudge no man. 16 And if I also iudge, my iudgement is true: for I am not alone, but I, and the Father, that sent mee. 17 And it is also written in your Lawe, that the testimonie of two men is true. 18 I am one that beare witnes of my selfe, and the Father that sent me, beareth witnes of me. 19 Then saide they vnto him, Where is that Father of thine? Iesus answered, Ye neither know me, nor that Father of mine. If ye had knowen me, ye should haue knowen that Father of mine also. 20 These wordes spake Iesus in the treasurie, as hee taught in the Temple, and no man layde handes on him: for his houre was not yet come. 21 Then saide Iesus againe vnto them, I goe my way, and ye shall seeke me, and shall die in your sinnes, Whither I goe, can ye not come. 22 Then said the Iewes, Will he kill himselfe, because he saith, Whither I goe, can ye not come? 23 And hee saide vnto them, Ye are from beneath, I am from aboue: ye are of this world, I am not of this worlde. 24 I said therefore vnto you, That ye shall die in your sinnes: for except ye beleeue, that I am he, ye shall die in your sinnes. 25 Then saide they vnto him, Who art thou? And Iesus saide vnto them, Euen the same thing that I said vnto you from the beginning. 26 I haue many things to say, and to iudge of you: but he that sent me, is true, and the things that I haue heard of him, those speake I to the world. 27 They vnderstoode not that hee spake to them of the Father. 28 Then said Iesus vnto them, When ye haue lift vp the Sonne of man, then shall ye know that I am he, and that I doe nothing of my selfe, but as my Father hath taught me, so I speake these things. 29 For he that sent me, is with me: the Father hath not left me alone, because I do alwayes those things that please him. 30 As hee spake these thinges, many beleeued in him. 31 Then saide Iesus to the Iewes which beleeued in him, If ye continue in my worde, ye are verely my disciples, 32 And shall know the trueth, and the trueth shall make you free. 33 They answered him, Wee be Abrahams seede, and were neuer bonde to any man: why sayest thou then, Ye shalbe made free? 34 Iesus answered them, Verely, verely I say vnto you, that whosoeuer committeth sinne, is the seruant of sinne. 35 And the seruant abideth not in the house for euer: but the Sonne abideth for euer. 36 If that Sonne therefore shall make you free, ye shalbe free in deede. 37 I know that ye are Abrahams seede, but yee seeke to kill mee, because my worde hath no place in you. 38 I speake that which I haue seene with my Father: and ye doe that which ye haue seene with your father. 39 They answered, and saide vnto him, Abraham is our father. Iesus said vnto them, If ye were Abrahams children, ye woulde doe the workes of Abraham. 40 But nowe ye goe about to kill mee, a man that haue told you the trueth, which I haue heard of God: this did not Abraham. 41 Ye do the workes of your father. Then said they to him, We are not borne of fornication: we haue one Father, which is God. 42 Therefore Iesus sayde vnto them, If God were your Father, then woulde ye loue mee: for I proceeded foorth, and came from God, neither came I of my selfe, but he sent me. 43 Why doe ye not vnderstande my talke? because ye cannot heare my worde. 44 Ye are of your father the deuill, and the lustes of your father ye will doe: hee hath bene a murtherer from the beginning, and abode not in the trueth, because there is no trueth in him. When hee speaketh a lie, then speaketh hee of his owne: for he is a liar, and the father thereof. 45 And because I tell you the trueth, yee beleeue me not. 46 Which of you can rebuke me of sinne? and if I say the trueth, why do ye not beleeue me? 47 He that is of God, heareth Gods wordes: yee therefore heare them not, because ye are not of God. 48 Then answered the Iewes, and said vnto him, Say we not well that thou art a Samaritane, and hast a deuil? 49 Iesus answered, I haue not a deuil, but I honour my Father, and ye haue dishonoured me. 50 And I seeke not mine owne praise: but there is one that seeketh it, and iudgeth. 51 Verely, verely I say vnto you, If a man keepe my word, he shall neuer see death. 52 Then said the Iewes to him, Now know we that thou hast a deuill. Abraham is dead, and the Prophets: and thou sayest, If a man keepe my worde, he shall neuer taste of death. 53 Art thou greater then our father Abraham, which is dead? and the Prophets are dead: whome makest thou thy selfe? 54 Iesus answered, If I honour my selfe, mine honour is nothing worth: it is my Father that honoureth me, whome ye say, that hee is your God. 55 Yet ye haue not knowen him: but I knowe him, and if I should say I know him not, I should be a liar like vnto you: but I knowe him, and keepe his worde. 56 Your father Abraham reioyced to see my day, and he sawe it, and was glad. 57 Then sayd ye Iewes vnto him, Thou art not yet fiftie yeere olde, and hast thou seene Abraham? 58 Iesus sayd vnto them, Verely, verely I say vnto you, before Abraham was, I am. 59 Then tooke they vp stones, to cast at him, but Iesus hid himselfe, and went out of the Temple: And hee passed through the middes of them, and so went his way.

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