1 Corinthians 11

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1 Corinthians 11 addresses two problems in the Corinthian assembly. The first is head coverings: Paul argues from the order of creation and from what he calls nature that a man should pray with his head uncovered and a woman with hers covered, while insisting that in the Lord neither is independent of the other and that everything comes from God. The second is the Lord's Supper, which the Corinthians had turned into a meal where the rich ate and drank while the poor went hungry. Paul says that is not the Lord's Supper at all, hands on the words of Jesus from the night he was betrayed, and warns that eating without recognizing the body brings judgment. Examine yourselves, he says, and wait for one another.

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1 Corinthians 11 deals with two things that happened when the Corinthian church came together, and both involve what people could see. The first is heads. In Corinth a woman's covered head said something about her honor and her husband, and some women in the church were praying and prophesying with their heads bare, perhaps in the freedom they had heard Paul preach. Paul asks them to keep the covering, and he reaches for every argument he has: the order of creation, the honor of husbands, nature, the angels, the custom of all the churches. In the middle of it he says the thing that outlasts the customs: in the Lord, woman is not independent of man, nor man of woman, and everything comes from God. The second thing people could see was the meal. The Lord's Supper in Corinth was a real dinner, and it had become a Roman dinner, with the well-off eating and drinking their fill while the slaves and laborers who arrived late found nothing. Paul does not soften it. This is not the Lord's Supper you are eating, he says; you despise the church of God and humiliate the people who have nothing. Then he tells them what he received from the Lord, the oldest written account of the night Jesus was betrayed, the bread that is his body for you, the cup that is the new covenant in his blood, the command to do this in remembrance of him. To eat it while shaming his people is to eat judgment. So examine yourselves, he ends, and when you come together, wait for one another.

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55 to a church he had founded in the wealthy Roman port of Corinth, meeting in the homes of better-off members. In Roman society a woman's covered head in public signaled marriage and modesty, and an uncovered or shaved head could mark a prostitute or an adulteress; a man covering his head recalled Roman priests sacrificing with their togas drawn up. The Lord's Supper was eaten as part of a full meal, and Roman dining custom served better food to the host's peers in the dining room while dependents ate in the courtyard, which is what Paul condemns. Verses 23 to 26 are the earliest written account of the Last Supper, predating the Gospels.

How the chapter unfolds

Verse 1 closes the previous argument with "imitate me." Verse 2 praises the Corinthians for keeping the traditions. Verses 3 to 16 argue the head covering question: the headship sequence, the dishonor of uncovered women and covered men, the creation argument from Genesis 2, the "because of the angels," the balancing "in the Lord," the appeal to nature and long hair, and the closing appeal to the practice of the churches. Verses 17 to 22 rebuke the divisions and the humiliation of the poor at the meal. Verses 23 to 26 give the received tradition of the Supper. Verses 27 to 34 warn of eating unworthily, call for self-examination, explain the sickness in the church as discipline, and command waiting for one another.

Why this chapter matters

Verses 23 to 26 are read at every celebration of the Eucharist in every Christian tradition, and "do this in remembrance of Me" is among the most spoken sentences in the world. "You proclaim the Lord's death until He comes" gave the Supper its meaning as proclamation and hope. The warning against eating "in an unworthy manner" shaped centuries of preparation for communion, sometimes to the point of keeping people away from it. The head-covering passage governed the dress of Christian women for most of church history and still does in some communities, and its statement that "woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman" is a rare first-century affirmation of mutuality.

Interpretive tension to watch

Almost every line of verses 3 to 16 is disputed: whether "head" means authority or source, whether the covering is a veil or long hair, what "because of the angels" means, and whether the instruction is a cultural custom of Corinth or a permanent rule. Verse 5 assumes that women pray and prophesy aloud in the assembly, which readers must square with the silence commanded in chapter 14. In the Supper passage, "recognizing the body" may mean discerning Christ's presence in the bread or discerning the congregation as his body, which changes what "unworthy manner" means; the context of the rich shaming the poor favors the second.

Вопросы к этой главе

  • Paul says a meal where some eat well while others go hungry is "not the Lord's Supper." What makes a shared meal Christian, and what unmakes it?
  • "Do this in remembrance of Me." What is being remembered, and what does remembering do?
  • The head-covering argument rests on customs that meant something specific in Corinth. How do you tell a permanent principle from its local form?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

1 Následovníci moji buďte, jako i já Kristův. 2 Chválímť pak vás, bratří, že všecky věci mé v paměti máte, a jakž jsem vydal vám ustanovení, tak je zachováváte. 3 Chciť pak, abyste věděli, že všelikého muže hlava jest Kristus, a hlava ženy muž, hlava pak Kristova Bůh. 4 Každý muž, modle se aneb prorokuje s přikrytou hlavou, ohyžďuje hlavu svou. 5 Každá pak žena, modleci se anebo prorokujici s nepřikrytou hlavou, ohyžďuje hlavu svou; nebo jednostejná věc jest, jako by se oholila. 6 Nebo nezavíjí-liť žena hlavy své, nechažť se také ostříhá. Pakli jest mrzká věc ženě oholiti se neb ostříhati, nechažť se zavíjí. 7 Mužť nemá zavíjeti hlavy své, obraz a sláva Boží jsa, ale žena sláva mužova jest. 8 Nebo není muž z ženy, ale žena z muže. 9 Není zajisté muž stvořen pro ženu, ale žena pro muže. 10 Protož máť žena míti obestření na hlavě pro anděly. 11 Avšak ani muž bez ženy, ani žena bez muže, v Pánu. 12 Nebo jakož žena jest z muže, tak i muž skrze ženu, všecky pak věci z Boha. 13 Vy sami mezi sebou suďte, sluší-li se ženě s nepřikrytou hlavou modliti Bohu. 14 Zdaliž vás i samo přirození neučí, žeť jest ohyzda muži míti dlouhé vlasy? 15 Ale ženě míti dlouhé vlasy poctivé jest; nebo vlasové k zastírání dány jsou jí. 16 Jestliže pak komu se vidí neustupným býti, myť takového obyčeje nemáme, ani církev Boží. 17 Toto pak předkládaje, nechválím toho, že ne k lepšímu, ale k horšímu se scházíte. 18 Nejprve zajisté, když se scházíte do shromáždění, slyším, že jsou roztržky mezi vámi, a poněkud tomu věřím. 19 Neboť musejí i kacířstva mezi vámi býti, aby právě zbožní zjeveni byli mezi vámi. 20 A tak když se scházíte vespolek, jižť to není večeři Páně jísti, 21 Poněvadž jeden každý nejprv večeři svou přijímá v jedení, a tu někdo lační, a jiný se přepil. 22 A což pak domů nemáte k jedení a ku pití? Èili církev Boží tupíte, a zahanbujete ty, kteříž nemají hojnosti pokrmů? Což vám dím? Chváliti budu vás? V tom jistě nechválím. 23 Já zajisté přijal jsem ode Pána, což i vydal jsem vám, že Pán Ježíš v tu noc, v kterouž zrazen jest, vzal chléb, 24 A díky činiv, lámal a řekl: Vezměte, jezte, to jest tělo mé, kteréž se za vás láme. To čiňte na mou památku. 25 Takž i kalich, když povečeřel, řka: Tento kalich jest ta nová smlouva v mé krvi. To čiňte, kolikrátkoli píti budete, na mou památku. 26 Nebo kolikrátž byste koli jedli chléb tento a z kalicha toho pili, smrt Páně zvěstujte, dokavadž nepřijde. 27 A protož kdokoli jedl by chléb tento a pil z kalicha Páně nehodně, vinen bude tělem a krví Páně. 28 Zkusiž tedy sám sebe člověk, a tak chléb ten jez, a z toho kalicha pí. 29 Nebo kdož jí a pije nehodně, odsouzení sobě jí a pije, nerozsuzuje těla Páně. 30 Protož mezi vámi jsou mnozí mdlí a nemocní, a spí mnozí, 31 Ješto kdybychom se sami rozsuzovali, nebyli bychom souzeni. 32 Ale když býváme souzeni, ode Pána býváme poučováni, abychom s světem nebyli odsouzeni. 33 A tak, bratří moji, když se scházíte k jedení, jedni na druhé čekávejte. 34 Pakli kdo lační, doma jez, abyste se nescházeli k odsouzení. Jiné pak věci, když přijdu, zřídím.

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