Matthew 10

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Matthew 10 is Jesus' mission discourse. He gives the twelve disciples authority over sickness and unclean spirits, names them, and sends them to the lost sheep of Israel with the message that the kingdom of heaven is near. The instructions cover travelling light, accepting hospitality, and shaking the dust off towns that refuse. Then the horizon widens: they will be flogged, tried before governors, betrayed by family, and hated for his name, yet the Spirit will give them words, and the Father who counts sparrows has numbered every hair on their heads. The chapter ends with the cost of discipleship, a cross to carry and a life to lose, and the reward for anyone who gives a disciple a cup of cold water.

장 주석 열기

Matthew 10 is the second of the five great speeches that give Matthew's Gospel its shape, and it is the one about being sent. Jesus has just looked at the crowds like sheep without a shepherd and told his disciples to pray for workers; now he makes them the workers. He gives the Twelve his own authority over disease and demons, names them, and sends them out with almost nothing: no money, no bag, no second tunic, no staff. They are to announce that the kingdom is near, heal, and move on, blessing the homes that welcome them and shaking the dust off the ones that do not. Then the speech changes register. It stops describing a short tour of Galilean villages and starts describing a lifetime. They will be handed over to councils, flogged in synagogues, dragged before governors, betrayed by their own brothers. Matthew has folded into this chapter words that Mark keeps for the end of the age, so that every later reader hears the instructions as addressed to them. The center of the speech is a small argument about fear. Do not fear the people who can only kill the body. Two sparrows sell for a penny and not one falls without your Father; the hairs of your head are counted; you are worth more than many sparrows. From there Jesus goes to the hardest words in the chapter, the sword that divides families and the cross that each follower must carry, and then, almost gently, to the last line: a cup of cold water given to one of these little ones will not lose its reward.

핵심 본문

Matthew 10:5-8 Matthew 10:16-20 Matthew 10:28-31 Matthew 10:37-39 Luke 9:1-6 Mark 13:9-13

Historical and literary context

Matthew gathers into one speech material that Mark and Luke spread across several settings, including sayings about persecution that Mark places in Jesus' teaching about the end of the age. The result reads as instructions for two audiences at once: the Twelve on their first tour of Galilean villages around AD 30, and Matthew's own church a generation later, facing synagogue discipline and Roman courts. The restriction to Israel in verse 5 reflects the first mission; the trials before governors and kings in verse 18 reflect the later one. Travelling teachers who depended on hospitality were a familiar feature of the Jewish and Greco-Roman world, and the rules about staying in one house and accepting what is offered echo that practice.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 4 give the authority and the names of the Twelve. Verses 5 to 15 give the marching orders: the audience, the message, the miracles, the packing list, and the response to welcome or rejection. Verses 16 to 23 predict persecution by courts, synagogues, and families, with the promise of the Spirit's help and the command to flee to the next town. Verses 24 to 33 argue from the disciple's likeness to the master, the sparrows, and the numbered hairs, to the call to confess Christ without fear. Verses 34 to 39 speak of the sword that divides families and the cross that must be carried. Verses 40 to 42 close with the rewards of receiving a disciple.

Why this chapter matters

This is the chapter that defines Christian mission as both sent and costly. "Freely you have received; freely give" in verse 8 shaped the church's refusal to charge for the gospel. "Sheep among wolves, shrewd as snakes and innocent as doves" in verse 16 is the classic description of the believer's posture in a hostile world. The sparrows and the numbered hairs of verses 29 to 31 have comforted the persecuted for two thousand years. "Whoever finds his life will lose it" in verse 39 is one of the most repeated sayings of Jesus, appearing in some form in all four Gospels.

Interpretive tension to watch

Verse 23 says the disciples will not finish the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes, a line that has been read as the resurrection, the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, or the final return, none of which fits without remainder. Verse 5 restricts the mission to Israel while 28:19 sends the church to all nations; Matthew presents this as a sequence, not a contradiction. The sword of verse 34 sits uneasily beside the Prince of Peace until one notices that Jesus is describing the effect of loyalty to him on families, not a method he recommends.

이 장을 위한 질문

Jesus tells the Twelve to take no money, bag, or spare clothes. What does depending on the hospitality of strangers do to the way a message is delivered?
Verses 28 to 31 place "do not be afraid" next to a warning about the One who can destroy soul and body. How do those two fears relate?
The chapter says loyalty to Jesus will divide households. How should a disciple hold that alongside the command to honor father and mother?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

노트에 추가

1 And he called his .xii. disciples vnto hym and gave them power over vnclene sprites to cast them oute and to heale all maner of sicknesses and all maner of deseases. 2 The names of the .xii. Apostles are these. The fyrst Simon called also Peter: and Andrew his brother. Iames the sonne of zebede and Ihon his brother. 3 Philip and Bartlemew. Thomas and Mathew the Publican. Iames the sonne of Alphe and Lebbeus otherwyse called Taddeus. 4 Simon of Cane and Iudas Iscarioth which also betrayed hym. 5 These .xii. sent Iesus and commaunded them sayinge: Go not in to the wayes that leade to the gentyls and in to the cities of the Samaritans enter ye not. 6 But go rather to the lost shepe of the housse of Israel. 7 Go and preach sayinge: that the kyngdome of heven is at hande. 8 Heale the sicke clense the lepers rayse the deed caste oute the devils. Frely ye have receved frely geve agayne. 9 Posses not golde nor silver nor brassse yn youre gerdels 10 nor yet scrip towardes your iorney: nether two cotes nether shues nor yet a staffe. For the workman is worthy to have his meate. 11 In to whatsoever cite or toune ye shall come enquyre who ys worthy yn it and there abyde till ye goo thence. 12 And when ye come in to an housse salute the same. 13 And yf the housse be worthy youre peace shall come apon it. But yf it be not worthy youre peace shall retourne to you agayne. 14 And whosoever shall not receave you nor will heare youre preachynge: when ye departe oute of that housse or that cite shake of the duste of youre fete. 15 Truly I say vnto you: it shalbe easier for the londe of zodoma and Gomorra in the daye of iudgement then for that cite. 16 Beholde I sende you forthe as shepe amonge wolves. Be ye therfore wyse as serpetes and innocent as doves. 17 Beware of men for they shall deliver you vp to the consels and shall scourge you in their synagoges. 18 And ye shall be brought to the heed rulers and kynges for my sake in witnes to them and to the gentyls. 19 But when they delyver you vp take no thought how or what ye shall speake for that shalbe geve you even in that same houre what ye shall saye. 20 For it is not ye that speke but the sprite of your father which speaketh in you. 21 The brother shall betraye the brother to deeth and the father the sonne. And the chyldre shall aryse agaynste their fathers and mothers and shall put them to deethe: 22 and ye shall be hated of all me for my name. But he that endureth to the ende shalbe saved. 23 When they persecute you in one cite flye in to another. I tell you for a treuth ye shall not fynysshe all that cities of Israel tyll the sonne of man be come. 24 The disciple ys not above hys master: nor yet the servaut above his lorde. 25 It is ynough for the disciple to be as hys master ys and that the servaunt be as his lorde ys. yf they have called the lorde of the housse beelzebub: how moche more shall they call them of his housholde so? 26 Feare the not therfore. There is no thinge so close that shall not be openned and no thinge so hyd that shall not be knowen. 27 What I tell you in dercknes that speake ye in lyght. And what ye heare in the eare that preache the on the housse toppes. 28 And feare ye not them which kyll the body and be not able to kyll the soule. But rather feare hym which is able to destroye bothe soule and body into hell. 29 Are not two sparowes solde for a farthinge? And none of them dothe lyght on the grounde with out youre father. 30 And now are all the heeris of youre heedis numbred. 31 Feare ye not therfore: ye are of more value then many sparowes. 32 Who soever therfore shall knowledge me before men hym will I knowledge also before my father which is in heuen. 33 But whoso ever shall denye me before men hym will I also denye before my father which is in heven. 34 Thynke not that I am come to sende peace into the erth. I came not to send peace but a swearde. 35 For I am come to set a man at varyaunce ageynst hys father and the doughter ageynst hyr mother and the doughterlawe ageynst her motherlawe: 36 And a mannes fooes shalbe they of hys owne housholde. 37 He that lovith hys father or mother more then me is not mete for me. And he that loveth his sonne or doughter more then me is not mete for me. 38 And he that taketh not his crosse and foloweth me ys not mete for me. 39 He that fyndeth hys lyfe shall lose it: and he that losith hys lyfe for my sake shall fynde it. 40 He that receavith you receavith me: and he that receavith me receavith him that sent me. 41 He that receavith a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receave a prophetes rewarde. And he that receavith a righteous man in the name of a righteous man shall receave the rewarde of a righteous man. 42 And whosoever shall geve vnto one of these lytle ones to drincke a cuppe of colde water only in the name of a disciple: I tel you of a trueth he shall not lose his rewarde.

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