Matthew 10

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Matthew 10 is Jesus' mission discourse. He gives the twelve disciples authority over sickness and unclean spirits, names them, and sends them to the lost sheep of Israel with the message that the kingdom of heaven is near. The instructions cover travelling light, accepting hospitality, and shaking the dust off towns that refuse. Then the horizon widens: they will be flogged, tried before governors, betrayed by family, and hated for his name, yet the Spirit will give them words, and the Father who counts sparrows has numbered every hair on their heads. The chapter ends with the cost of discipleship, a cross to carry and a life to lose, and the reward for anyone who gives a disciple a cup of cold water.

장 주석 열기

Matthew 10 is the second of the five great speeches that give Matthew's Gospel its shape, and it is the one about being sent. Jesus has just looked at the crowds like sheep without a shepherd and told his disciples to pray for workers; now he makes them the workers. He gives the Twelve his own authority over disease and demons, names them, and sends them out with almost nothing: no money, no bag, no second tunic, no staff. They are to announce that the kingdom is near, heal, and move on, blessing the homes that welcome them and shaking the dust off the ones that do not. Then the speech changes register. It stops describing a short tour of Galilean villages and starts describing a lifetime. They will be handed over to councils, flogged in synagogues, dragged before governors, betrayed by their own brothers. Matthew has folded into this chapter words that Mark keeps for the end of the age, so that every later reader hears the instructions as addressed to them. The center of the speech is a small argument about fear. Do not fear the people who can only kill the body. Two sparrows sell for a penny and not one falls without your Father; the hairs of your head are counted; you are worth more than many sparrows. From there Jesus goes to the hardest words in the chapter, the sword that divides families and the cross that each follower must carry, and then, almost gently, to the last line: a cup of cold water given to one of these little ones will not lose its reward.

핵심 본문

Matthew 10:5-8 Matthew 10:16-20 Matthew 10:28-31 Matthew 10:37-39 Luke 9:1-6 Mark 13:9-13

Historical and literary context

Matthew gathers into one speech material that Mark and Luke spread across several settings, including sayings about persecution that Mark places in Jesus' teaching about the end of the age. The result reads as instructions for two audiences at once: the Twelve on their first tour of Galilean villages around AD 30, and Matthew's own church a generation later, facing synagogue discipline and Roman courts. The restriction to Israel in verse 5 reflects the first mission; the trials before governors and kings in verse 18 reflect the later one. Travelling teachers who depended on hospitality were a familiar feature of the Jewish and Greco-Roman world, and the rules about staying in one house and accepting what is offered echo that practice.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 4 give the authority and the names of the Twelve. Verses 5 to 15 give the marching orders: the audience, the message, the miracles, the packing list, and the response to welcome or rejection. Verses 16 to 23 predict persecution by courts, synagogues, and families, with the promise of the Spirit's help and the command to flee to the next town. Verses 24 to 33 argue from the disciple's likeness to the master, the sparrows, and the numbered hairs, to the call to confess Christ without fear. Verses 34 to 39 speak of the sword that divides families and the cross that must be carried. Verses 40 to 42 close with the rewards of receiving a disciple.

Why this chapter matters

This is the chapter that defines Christian mission as both sent and costly. "Freely you have received; freely give" in verse 8 shaped the church's refusal to charge for the gospel. "Sheep among wolves, shrewd as snakes and innocent as doves" in verse 16 is the classic description of the believer's posture in a hostile world. The sparrows and the numbered hairs of verses 29 to 31 have comforted the persecuted for two thousand years. "Whoever finds his life will lose it" in verse 39 is one of the most repeated sayings of Jesus, appearing in some form in all four Gospels.

Interpretive tension to watch

Verse 23 says the disciples will not finish the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes, a line that has been read as the resurrection, the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, or the final return, none of which fits without remainder. Verse 5 restricts the mission to Israel while 28:19 sends the church to all nations; Matthew presents this as a sequence, not a contradiction. The sword of verse 34 sits uneasily beside the Prince of Peace until one notices that Jesus is describing the effect of loyalty to him on families, not a method he recommends.

이 장을 위한 질문

Jesus tells the Twelve to take no money, bag, or spare clothes. What does depending on the hospitality of strangers do to the way a message is delivered?
Verses 28 to 31 place "do not be afraid" next to a warning about the One who can destroy soul and body. How do those two fears relate?
The chapter says loyalty to Jesus will divide households. How should a disciple hold that alongside the command to honor father and mother?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

노트에 추가

1 Jesus called his twelve disciples together and gave them power to throw out evil spirits, and to heal all kinds of diseases and sicknesses. 2 These are the names of the twelve apostles: first, Simon (also called Peter), Andrew his brother, James the son of Zebedee, John his brother, 3 Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew the tax collector, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddeus, 4 Simon the revolutionary, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus. 5 Jesus sent out these Twelve, telling them, “Don't go to the foreigners, or to any Samaritan city. 6 You are to go to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 7 Wherever you go, tell the people, ‘The kingdom of heaven has arrived.’ 8 Heal those who are sick. Resurrect the dead. Cure the lepers. Drive out demons. You received freely, so give freely! 9 Don't carry any gold, silver, or copper coins in your pockets, 10 or a bag for your journey, or two cloaks, or sandals, or a walking stick, for a worker deserves to be supported. 11 Wherever you go, whatever town or village, ask for someone who lives according to good principles, and remain there until you leave. 12 When you enter the house, give it your blessing. 13 If the home deserves it, let your peace rest on it, but if it doesn't deserve it, let your peace return to you. 14 If someone doesn't welcome you, and refuses to listen to what you have to say, then leave that house or that town, shaking its dust off your feet as you go. 15 I tell you the truth, it will be better for Sodom and Gomorrah at the Day of Judgment than for that town! 16 Look, I'm sending you out like sheep among wolves. So be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. 17 Watch out for those who will hand you over to be tried by town councils and will whip you in their synagogues. 18 You will be dragged before governors and kings because of me, to witness to them and to the foreigners. 19 But when they put you on trial, don't worry about how you should speak or what you should say, because you'll be told what to say at the right time. 20 For it isn't you who will speak but the Spirit of the Father will speak through you. 21 Brother will betray brother and have him killed, and a father will do the same to his child. Children will rebel against their parents, and have them put to death. 22 Everyone will hate you because you follow me, but those who endure until the end will be saved. 23 When you're persecuted in one town, run away to the next. I'm telling the truth: you won't finish going to the towns of Israel before the Son of man comes. 24 Disciples are not more important than their teacher; servants are not more important than their master. 25 Disciples should be satisfied to become like their teacher, and servants like their master. If the head of the house has been called the head demon Beelzebub, then the members of his household will be demonized even more! 26 So don't be frightened of them, for there's nothing covered that won't be exposed, and nothing hidden that won't be made known. 27 What I tell you here in the dark, declare when it's light, and what you hear whispered in your ear, shout from the rooftops. 28 Don't be afraid of those who can kill you physically, but can't kill you spiritually. Instead, be afraid of the one who can destroy you physically and spiritually in Gehenna. 29 Aren't two sparrows sold for just one penny? But not a single one of them falls to the ground without your Father knowing about it. 30 Even the hairs on your head have all been counted. 31 So don't worry—you're worth more than many sparrows! 32 Anyone who publicly declares their commitment to me, I will also declare my commitment to them before my Father in heaven. 33 But anyone who publicly denies me, I will also deny before my Father in heaven. 34 Don't think I've come to bring peace on earth. I haven't come to bring peace, but a sword. 35 I've come ‘to turn a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law. 36 Your enemies will be those of your own family!’ 37 If you love your father or mother more than me you don't deserve to be mine, and if you love your son or daughter more than me you don't deserve to be mine. 38 If you don't pick up your cross and follow me you don't deserve to be mine. 39 If you try to save your life, you will lose it, but if you lose your life because of me you will save it. 40 Those who welcome you welcome me, and those who welcome me welcome the one that sent me. 41 Those who welcome a prophet because that's what they are, will receive the same reward as a prophet. Those who welcome someone who does right will receive the same reward as someone who does right. 42 I tell you the truth, those who give a drink of cool water to the least important of my disciples will definitely not miss out on their reward.”

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