Matthew 20

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Matthew 20 holds together four scenes on the road to Jerusalem, all about who comes first. The parable of the workers in the vineyard has a landowner hiring men from dawn until an hour before dark and paying every one of them a full day's wage, so that the first hired grumble and are told, "Are you envious because I am generous?" Jesus then predicts his death for the third time, in detail. Immediately the mother of James and John asks for the two best seats in his kingdom, and Jesus explains that greatness is service, since the Son of Man came to serve and to give his life as a ransom for many. Leaving Jericho, he heals two blind men the crowd tried to silence.

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Matthew 20 is set on the road up to Jerusalem, and everything in it is about the order in which people come. It opens with a story that still makes listeners uncomfortable. A landowner hires men at six in the morning for a denarius, hires more at nine, at noon, at three, and at five, and at sunset pays them all the same coin, starting with the ones who worked one hour. The dawn workers complain, and they are not wrong about the arithmetic. The owner's answer is that he has cheated no one and is free to be generous, and then the question that turns the parable into a mirror: are you envious because I am good? Then Jesus takes the Twelve aside and tells them, more plainly than ever, what is going to happen in Jerusalem: betrayal, a death sentence, Gentiles, mockery, whips, a cross, and on the third day, rising. The next verse is the mother of James and John kneeling to ask for the thrones on his right and left. He asks whether they can drink his cup, they say they can, and the other ten are furious, not because the request was wrong but because they wanted the seats. So Jesus sits them all down and explains that the kingdom does not work like Rome. Greatness means serving; being first means being a slave; and the Son of Man himself did not come to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. The chapter ends outside Jericho with two blind beggars shouting for the Son of David over a crowd that wants them quiet. He stops, asks what they want, touches their eyes, and they follow him up the hill.

핵심 본문

Matthew 20:1-16 Matthew 20:17-19 Matthew 20:20-28 Matthew 20:29-34 Mark 10:35-45 Isaiah 53:10-12

Historical and literary context

Day laborers gathered in the marketplace at dawn hoping to be hired; a denarius was the standard daily wage, and Jewish law required that a laborer be paid the same evening. The "eleventh hour" is about five in the afternoon. The road from Jericho to Jerusalem climbs three thousand feet in fifteen miles, and Passover pilgrims traveled it in crowds, which explains the throng around the blind men. The mother of Zebedee's sons, probably Salome, was among the women at the cross; in Mark's version the brothers ask for themselves. "Ransom" was the price paid to free a slave or a prisoner of war. Rulers of the Gentiles "lording it over" people would have evoked Herod and Rome.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 16 are the parable of the vineyard workers, framed by "the last will be first" at the end of chapter 19 and again at verse 16. Verses 17 to 19 are the third passion prediction, the most detailed of the three. Verses 20 to 28 are the request of the sons of Zebedee, the question about the cup, the indignation of the ten, and the teaching on greatness as service, ending with the ransom saying. Verses 29 to 34 are the healing of the two blind men outside Jericho, who cry "Son of David," are told to be quiet, cry louder, and follow him.

Why this chapter matters

The parable of the vineyard is the Gospel's sharpest statement that God's grace is not wages, and "are you envious because I am generous?" has confronted every reader who has felt that fairness should mean getting more than someone else. "The Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life as a ransom for many" is one of the few places where Jesus explains the purpose of his death, and it is the foundation of the Christian idea of atonement as ransom. "Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant" defined Christian leadership. The blind men who will not be silenced are a picture of persistent prayer.

Interpretive tension to watch

The landowner's equal pay strikes modern readers as unjust to the early workers, and the parable knows it, since the early workers say exactly that; the point is that God's generosity is not measured against what others receive, but the discomfort is intended. Whether the parable is about Jews and Gentiles, early and late converts, or simply grace, readers differ. The ransom saying raises the question of to whom the ransom is paid, which the text does not answer and theologians have debated for centuries. Matthew has two blind men where Mark has one, Bartimaeus, and places the healing on the way out of Jericho where Luke places it on the way in, small differences that show the evangelists shaping the story.

이 장을 위한 질문

The workers hired at dawn got exactly what they were promised and were still angry. What does the parable expose about the way we measure fairness?
Right after Jesus describes his crucifixion, two disciples ask for thrones. Why is that request placed exactly there?
The crowd told the blind men to be quiet, and they shouted louder. What does that say about the kind of asking Jesus honors?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

노트에 추가

1 「因为天国好像家主清早去雇人进他的葡萄园做工， 2 和工人讲定一天一钱银子，就打发他们进葡萄园去。 3 约在巳初出去，看见市上还有闲站的人， 4 就对他们说：『你们也进葡萄园去，所当给的，我必给你们。』他们也进去了。 5 约在午正和申初又出去，也是这样行。 6 约在酉初出去，看见还有人站在那里，就问他们说：『你们为什么整天在这里闲站呢？』 7 他们说：『因为没有人雇我们。』他说：『你们也进葡萄园去。』 8 到了晚上，园主对管事的说：『叫工人都来，给他们工钱，从后来的起，到先来的为止。 9 约在酉初雇的人来了，各人得了一钱银子。 10 及至那先雇的来了，他们以为必要多得；谁知也是各得一钱。 11 他们得了，就埋怨家主说： 12 『我们整天劳苦受热，那后来的只做了一小时，你竟叫他们和我们一样吗？』 13 家主回答其中的一人说：『朋友，我不亏负你，你与我讲定的不是一钱银子吗？ 14 拿你的走吧！我给那后来的和给你一样，这是我愿意的。 15 我的东西难道不可随我的意思用吗？因为我作好人，你就红了眼吗？』 16 这样，那在后的，将要在前；在前的，将要在后了。」 17 耶稣上耶路撒冷去的时候，在路上把十二个门徒带到一边，对他们说： 18 「看哪，我们上耶路撒冷去，人子要被交给祭司长和文士。他们要定他死罪， 19 又交给外邦人，将他戏弄，鞭打，钉在十字架上；第三日他要复活。」 20 那时，西庇太儿子的母亲同她两个儿子上前来拜耶稣，求他一件事。 21 耶稣说：「你要什么呢？」她说：「愿你叫我这两个儿子在你国里，一个坐在你右边，一个坐在你左边。」 22 耶稣回答说：「你们不知道所求的是什么；我将要喝的杯，你们能喝吗？」他们说：「我们能。」 23 耶稣说：「我所喝的杯，你们必要喝；只是坐在我的左右，不是我可以赐的，乃是我父为谁预备的，就赐给谁。」 24 那十个门徒听见，就恼怒他们弟兄二人。 25 耶稣叫了他们来，说：「你们知道外邦人有君王为主治理他们，有大臣操权管束他们。 26 只是在你们中间，不可这样；你们中间谁愿为大，就必作你们的用人； 27 谁愿为首，就必作你们的仆人。 28 正如人子来，不是要受人的服事，乃是要服事人，并且要舍命，作多人的赎价。」 29 他们出耶利哥的时候，有极多的人跟随他。 30 有两个瞎子坐在路旁，听说是耶稣经过，就喊着说：「主啊，大卫的子孙，可怜我们吧！」 31 众人责备他们，不许他们作声；他们却越发喊着说：「主啊，大卫的子孙，可怜我们吧！」 32 耶稣就站住，叫他们来，说：「要我为你们做什么？」 33 他们说：「主啊，要我们的眼睛能看见！」 34 耶稣就动了慈心，把他们的眼睛一摸，他们立刻看见，就跟从了耶稣。

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