Matthew 22

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Matthew 22 is a day of confrontation in the temple during the last week of Jesus's life. It opens with a parable of a wedding banquet whose invited guests refuse to come, then records three attempts to trap Jesus, on taxes to Caesar, on the resurrection, and on the greatest commandment, each of which he turns into teaching. It ends with his own question about the Messiah as David's son and David's Lord, after which no one dares to ask him anything more.

장 주석 열기

Matthew 22 records one long day of questions, and it is worth noticing who asks them. Jesus has ridden into Jerusalem, overturned the tables in the temple, and told parables that the leaders recognized as being about themselves. Now they come at him in turn. First the Pharisees, with the Herodians beside them, bring the tax question, a trap with no safe answer: say yes and lose the crowd, say no and give Rome its charge. Jesus asks for the coin, asks whose image it bears, and returns the question to them with a second clause they had not asked about: give to God what is God's. Then the Sadducees, who did not believe in resurrection, bring a riddle about a woman married to seven brothers, and Jesus answers from the one part of Scripture they accepted, the books of Moses, arguing from a present tense that the God of Abraham is the God of the living. Then a lawyer asks which commandment is greatest, and receives the sentence that summarizes the whole Bible. Finally Jesus asks his own question, about how David could call his descendant "Lord," and no one can answer. The chapter opens with a banquet that the invited would not attend. By its end, the invitation has been made in public, and the guests have declined again.

핵심 본문

Matthew 22:1-14 Matthew 22:15-22 Matthew 22:29-32 Matthew 22:34-40

Historical and literary context

The chapter belongs to the days between Palm Sunday and the crucifixion, when Jesus taught openly in the temple courts and the religious authorities looked for a charge against him. The three questions come from different factions: the Pharisees allied with the Herodians on taxes, a politically explosive issue under Roman occupation; the Sadducees, the priestly aristocracy who denied resurrection, on the law of levirate marriage; and a lawyer from the Pharisees on the commandments. Each was designed to divide Jesus from the crowd or expose him to Rome.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 14 are the parable of the wedding banquet, with its refusing guests, its open invitation to the crossroads, and its guest without wedding clothes. Verses 15 to 22 are the coin and the question about Caesar. Verses 23 to 33 are the Sadducees' riddle about seven brothers and Jesus's answer from the burning bush: God "is not the God of the dead, but of the living." Verses 34 to 40 are the greatest commandment, love of God and love of neighbor, on which "all the Law and the Prophets hang." Verses 41 to 46 are Jesus's counter-question from Psalm 110, which silences his opponents.

Why this chapter matters

Two of the most quoted sayings of Jesus are here. "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's" has shaped Christian thinking about political authority for two thousand years, refusing both rebellion and idolatry of the state. The double love command, quoting Deuteronomy 6 and Leviticus 19, is Jesus's own summary of the entire Bible. His argument for resurrection from a present-tense verb, "I am the God of Abraham," and his reading of Psalm 110 show how he read Scripture: closely, and as testimony to himself.

Interpretive tension to watch

The parable ends with a guest thrown out for lacking wedding clothes, though he was gathered in from the streets. What do the clothes represent, and why is the open invitation not the end of the story? Readers have answered with righteousness, repentance, or the grace one must actually put on; the parable leaves the question sharp on purpose. Its last line, "many are called, but few are chosen," has been read very differently across Christian traditions.

이 장을 위한 질문

Whose image is on the coin, and whose image is on the people holding it? How does Genesis 1:27 sit behind Jesus's answer about Caesar?
Jesus tells the Sadducees they are mistaken because they know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God. Which of the two is easier to neglect?
If all the Law and the Prophets hang on love of God and neighbor, what in your reading of the Bible needs to be re-hung on those two nails?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

노트에 추가

1 And Jesus answered and spake again in parables unto them, saying, 2 The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a certain king, who made a marriage feast for his son, 3 and sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the marriage feast: and they would not come. 4 Again he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them that are bidden, Behold, I have made ready my dinner; my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come to the marriage feast. 5 But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his own farm, another to his merchandise; 6 and the rest laid hold on his servants, and treated them shamefully, and killed them. 7 But the king was wroth; and he sent his armies, and destroyed those murderers, and burned their city. 8 Then saith he to his servants, The wedding is ready, but they that were bidden were not worthy. 9 Go ye therefore unto the partings of the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage feast. 10 And those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding was filled with guests. 11 But when the king came in to behold the guests, he saw there a man who had not on a wedding-garment: 12 and he saith unto him, Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding-garment? And he was speechless. 13 Then the king said to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and cast him out into the outer darkness; there shall be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth. 14 For many are called, but few chosen. 15 Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might ensnare him in [his] talk. 16 And they send to him their disciples, with the Herodians, saying, Teacher, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, and carest not for any one: for thou regardest not the person of men. 17 Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Cæsar, or not? 18 But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why make ye trial of me, ye hypocrites? 19 Show me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a denarius. 20 And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? 21 They say unto him, Cæsar’s. Then saith he unto them, Render therefore unto Cæsar the things that are Cæsar’s; and unto God the things that are God’s. 22 And when they heard it, they marvelled, and left him, and went away. 23 On that day there came to him Sadducees, they that say that there is no resurrection: and they asked him, 24 saying, Teacher, Moses said, If a man die, having no children, his brother shall marry his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. 25 Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first married and deceased, and having no seed left his wife unto his brother; 26 in like manner the second also, and the third, unto the seventh. 27 And after them all, the woman died. 28 In the resurrection therefore whose wife shall she be of the seven? for they all had her. 29 But Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God. 30 For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as angels in heaven. 31 But as touching the resurrection of the dead, have ye not read that which was spoken unto you by God, saying, 32 I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not [the God] of the dead, but of the living. 33 And when the multitudes heard it, they were astonished at his teaching. 34 But the Pharisees, when they heard that he had put the Sadducees to silence, gathered themselves together. 35 And one of them, a lawyer, asked him a question, trying him: 36 Teacher, which is the great commandment in the law? 37 And he said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. 38 This is the great and first commandment. 39 And a second like [unto it] is this, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 40 On these two commandments the whole law hangeth, and the prophets. 41 Now while the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them a question, 42 saying, What think ye of the Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him, [The son] of David. 43 He saith unto them, How then doth David in the Spirit call him Lord, saying, 44 The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, Till I put thine enemies underneath thy feet? 45 If David then calleth him Lord, how is he his son? 46 And no one was able to answer him a word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more questions.

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