1 Corinthians 11

קרא את הפרק הזה בכוונה

1 Corinthians 11 addresses two problems in the Corinthian assembly. The first is head coverings: Paul argues from the order of creation and from what he calls nature that a man should pray with his head uncovered and a woman with hers covered, while insisting that in the Lord neither is independent of the other and that everything comes from God. The second is the Lord's Supper, which the Corinthians had turned into a meal where the rich ate and drank while the poor went hungry. Paul says that is not the Lord's Supper at all, hands on the words of Jesus from the night he was betrayed, and warns that eating without recognizing the body brings judgment. Examine yourselves, he says, and wait for one another.

פתח פירוש פרק

1 Corinthians 11 deals with two things that happened when the Corinthian church came together, and both involve what people could see. The first is heads. In Corinth a woman's covered head said something about her honor and her husband, and some women in the church were praying and prophesying with their heads bare, perhaps in the freedom they had heard Paul preach. Paul asks them to keep the covering, and he reaches for every argument he has: the order of creation, the honor of husbands, nature, the angels, the custom of all the churches. In the middle of it he says the thing that outlasts the customs: in the Lord, woman is not independent of man, nor man of woman, and everything comes from God. The second thing people could see was the meal. The Lord's Supper in Corinth was a real dinner, and it had become a Roman dinner, with the well-off eating and drinking their fill while the slaves and laborers who arrived late found nothing. Paul does not soften it. This is not the Lord's Supper you are eating, he says; you despise the church of God and humiliate the people who have nothing. Then he tells them what he received from the Lord, the oldest written account of the night Jesus was betrayed, the bread that is his body for you, the cup that is the new covenant in his blood, the command to do this in remembrance of him. To eat it while shaming his people is to eat judgment. So examine yourselves, he ends, and when you come together, wait for one another.

קטעי מפתח

1 Corinthians 11:2-16 1 Corinthians 11:17-22 1 Corinthians 11:23-26 1 Corinthians 11:27-34 Luke 22:14-20 Genesis 2:18-23

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55 to a church he had founded in the wealthy Roman port of Corinth, meeting in the homes of better-off members. In Roman society a woman's covered head in public signaled marriage and modesty, and an uncovered or shaved head could mark a prostitute or an adulteress; a man covering his head recalled Roman priests sacrificing with their togas drawn up. The Lord's Supper was eaten as part of a full meal, and Roman dining custom served better food to the host's peers in the dining room while dependents ate in the courtyard, which is what Paul condemns. Verses 23 to 26 are the earliest written account of the Last Supper, predating the Gospels.

How the chapter unfolds

Verse 1 closes the previous argument with "imitate me." Verse 2 praises the Corinthians for keeping the traditions. Verses 3 to 16 argue the head covering question: the headship sequence, the dishonor of uncovered women and covered men, the creation argument from Genesis 2, the "because of the angels," the balancing "in the Lord," the appeal to nature and long hair, and the closing appeal to the practice of the churches. Verses 17 to 22 rebuke the divisions and the humiliation of the poor at the meal. Verses 23 to 26 give the received tradition of the Supper. Verses 27 to 34 warn of eating unworthily, call for self-examination, explain the sickness in the church as discipline, and command waiting for one another.

Why this chapter matters

Verses 23 to 26 are read at every celebration of the Eucharist in every Christian tradition, and "do this in remembrance of Me" is among the most spoken sentences in the world. "You proclaim the Lord's death until He comes" gave the Supper its meaning as proclamation and hope. The warning against eating "in an unworthy manner" shaped centuries of preparation for communion, sometimes to the point of keeping people away from it. The head-covering passage governed the dress of Christian women for most of church history and still does in some communities, and its statement that "woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman" is a rare first-century affirmation of mutuality.

Interpretive tension to watch

Almost every line of verses 3 to 16 is disputed: whether "head" means authority or source, whether the covering is a veil or long hair, what "because of the angels" means, and whether the instruction is a cultural custom of Corinth or a permanent rule. Verse 5 assumes that women pray and prophesy aloud in the assembly, which readers must square with the silence commanded in chapter 14. In the Supper passage, "recognizing the body" may mean discerning Christ's presence in the bread or discerning the congregation as his body, which changes what "unworthy manner" means; the context of the rich shaming the poor favors the second.

שאלות לפרק הזה

Paul says a meal where some eat well while others go hungry is "not the Lord's Supper." What makes a shared meal Christian, and what unmakes it?
"Do this in remembrance of Me." What is being remembered, and what does remembering do?
The head-covering argument rests on customs that meant something specific in Corinth. How do you tell a permanent principle from its local form?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

הוספה להערות

1 你们该效法我，像我效法基督一样。 2 我称赞你们，因你们凡事记念我，又坚守我所传给你们的。 3 我愿意你们知道，基督是各人的头；男人是女人的头；　神是基督的头。 4 凡男人祷告或是讲道，若蒙着头，就羞辱自己的头。 5 凡女人祷告或是讲道，若不蒙着头，就羞辱自己的头，因为这就如同剃了头发一样。 6 女人若不蒙着头，就该剪了头发；女人若以剪发、剃发为羞愧，就该蒙着头。 7 男人本不该蒙着头，因为他是　神的形象和荣耀；但女人是男人的荣耀。 8 起初，男人不是由女人而出，女人乃是由男人而出； 9 并且男人不是为女人造的，女人乃是为男人造的。 10 因此，女人为天使的缘故，应当在头上有服权柄的[记号]。 11 然而照主的安排，女也不是无男，男也不是无女。 12 因为女人原是由男人而出，男人也是由女人而出；但万有都是出乎　神。 13 你们自己审察，女人祷告　神，不蒙着头是合宜的吗？ 14 你们的本性不也指示你们，男人若有长头发，便是他的羞辱吗？ 15 但女人有长头发，乃是她的荣耀，因为这头发是给她作盖头的。 16 若有人想要辩驳，我们却没有这样的规矩，　神的众教会也是没有的。 17 我现今吩咐你们的话，不是称赞你们；因为你们聚会不是受益，乃是招损。 18 第一，我听说，你们聚会的时候彼此分门别类，我也稍微地信这话。 19 在你们中间不免有分门结党的事，好叫那些有经验的人显明出来。 20 你们聚会的时候，算不得吃主的晚餐； 21 因为吃的时候，各人先吃自己的饭，甚至这个饥饿，那个酒醉。 22 你们要吃喝，难道没有家吗？还是藐视　神的教会，叫那没有的羞愧呢？我向你们可怎么说呢？可因此称赞你们吗？我不称赞！ 23 我当日传给你们的，原是从主领受的，就是主耶稣被卖的那一夜，拿起饼来， 24 祝谢了，就擘开，说：「这是我的身体，为你们舍的，你们应当如此行，为的是记念我。」 25 饭后，也照样拿起杯来，说：「这杯是用我的血所立的新约，你们每逢喝的时候，要如此行，为的是记念我。」 26 你们每逢吃这饼，喝这杯，是表明主的死，直等到他来。 27 所以，无论何人，不按理吃主的饼，喝主的杯，就是干犯主的身、主的血了。 28 人应当自己省察，然后吃这饼、喝这杯。 29 因为人吃喝，若不分辨是[主的]身体，就是吃喝自己的罪了。 30 因此，在你们中间有好些软弱的与患病的，死的也不少。 31 我们若是先分辨自己，就不至于受审。 32 我们受审的时候，乃是被主惩治，免得我们和世人一同定罪。 33 所以我弟兄们，你们聚会吃的时候，要彼此等待。 34 若有人饥饿，可以在家里先吃，免得你们聚会，自己取罪。其余的事，我来的时候再安排。

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