1 Corintios 9

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1 Corinthians 9 is Paul's defense of his freedom and his explanation of why he gives it up. He has every right to be supported by the churches he serves: soldiers are paid, the law forbids muzzling a threshing ox, temple priests eat from the altar, and the Lord commanded that preachers live from the gospel. Yet Paul has used none of these rights, working with his hands so that the gospel costs nothing. Preaching is not his boast but his obligation; his reward is to offer it free. He has made himself a slave to all, a Jew to Jews, weak to the weak, all things to all people to save some. The chapter ends with the runner and the boxer who discipline their bodies for an imperishable crown.

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1 Corinthians 9 sounds at first like a man defending his expenses, and in a way it is. Some in Corinth had noticed that Paul refused their money, and had drawn conclusions: either he was not a real apostle, or he knew his work was not worth paying for. Paul answers with a barrage of questions. Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Do soldiers pay their own way? Does a farmer not eat his own grapes? Does the law not say you may not muzzle the ox that treads the grain? Do the priests not eat from the altar? Did the Lord not say that those who preach should live from the preaching? Having established the right beyond argument, he says he has never used it and never will. He would rather die. Preaching is not something he can take credit for, since he is under orders, woe to me if I do not preach; the only thing left to boast about is giving it away for nothing. Then he explains a policy that has puzzled and inspired the church ever since. Free of everyone, he has made himself everyone's slave: a Jew among Jews, an outsider among outsiders, weak among the weak, all things to all people, to save some of them. The chapter ends at the games that Corinth hosted every other year. Everyone runs, one wins; the athletes train hard for a crown of leaves that will be brown in a week; we run for one that lasts. So Paul runs with purpose, boxes with aim, and keeps his own body in hand, so that the man who preached to others is not himself disqualified.

Pasajes clave

1 Corinthians 9:1-14 1 Corinthians 9:15-18 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 Deuteronomy 25:4 Philippians 3:12-14

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55. Traveling teachers in the Greek world were expected to accept fees or patronage, and Paul's refusal of Corinthian money, while he accepted gifts from Philippi, had become a point of suspicion, as if he did not consider himself a real apostle or was hiding something. He supported himself as a leatherworker, a low-status trade. "Cephas" is Peter, who traveled with his wife; "the Lord's brothers" include James. The command that preachers live from the gospel echoes Jesus' saying that the worker deserves his wages. Corinth hosted the Isthmian Games every two years, so the runner, the boxer, and the perishable crown of pine or celery leaves were local images.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 6 assert Paul's apostleship and his rights to food, drink, a wife, and support. Verses 7 to 14 argue the right from common life, from the law of Moses on the ox, from the temple, and from the Lord's command. Verses 15 to 18 explain why he waives it: the gospel free of charge is his boast and reward, since preaching itself is compulsion. Verses 19 to 23 describe his adaptability, all things to all people, for the sake of the gospel. Verses 24 to 27 draw the athletic conclusion: run to win, train with discipline, do not be disqualified.

Why this chapter matters

"I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some" is the founding text of Christian mission strategy and of every argument for adapting the form of the message to its hearers. "Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel" has been the confession of preachers for two millennia, and verse 14 is the biblical basis for paying ministers. The runner and the imperishable crown gave Christian devotion its language of training, discipline, and finishing the race. Paul's example of waiving a right for the gospel's sake, which closes the argument about food offered to idols begun in chapter 8, is the classic case of freedom limited by love.

Interpretive tension to watch

"All things to all people" is easily read as a license for chameleon behavior, and interpreters stress the limits Paul himself states: he is under the law of Christ, and the goal is salvation, not approval. His refusal of support in Corinth while accepting it elsewhere was read by some as inconsistency, and 2 Corinthians shows the accusation stuck. Verse 27, "I myself will not be disqualified," raises the question of whether Paul thought he could lose his salvation, or only his usefulness or reward; the traditions divide. And his reading of the muzzled ox, "Is it about oxen that God is concerned?", is an early example of typological interpretation that some find strained.

Preguntas para este capítulo

Paul had a right to be paid and chose not to use it. What right of yours might the gospel ask you to lay down?
"All things to all people" has limits. How do you adapt to the people you want to reach without losing what you are trying to give them?
Athletes train for a crown that withers. What would training look like for the crown that does not?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

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1 ¿NO soy apóstol? ¿no soy libre? ¿no he visto á Jesús el Señor nuestro? ¿no sois vosotros mi obra en el Señor? 2 Si á los otros no soy apóstol, á vosotros ciertamente lo soy: porque el sello de mi apostolado sois vosotros en el Señor. 3 Esta es mi respuesta á los que me preguntan. 4 Qué, ¿no tenemos potestad de comer y de beber? 5 ¿No tenemos potestad de traer [con nosotros] una hermana mujer también como los otros apóstoles, y los hermanos del Señor, y Cefas? 6 ¿O sólo yo y Bernabé no tenemos potestad de no trabajar? 7 ¿Quién jamás peleó á sus expensas? ¿quién planta viña, y no come de su fruto? ¿ó quién apacienta el ganado, y no come de la leche del ganado? 8 ¿Digo esto según los hombres? ¿no dice esto también la ley? 9 Porque en la ley de Moisés está escrito: No pondrás bozal al buey que trilla. ¿Tiene Dios cuidado de los bueyes? 10 ¿O dícelo enteramente por nosotros? Pues por nosotros está escrito; porque con esperanza ha de arar el que ara; y el que trilla, con esperanza de recibir el fruto. 11 Si nosotros os sembramos lo espiritual, ¿es gran cosa si segáremos lo vuestro carnal? 12 Si otros tienen en vosotros esta potestad, ¿no más bien nosotros? Mas no hemos usado de esta potestad: antes lo sufrimos todo, por no poner ningún obstáculo al evangelio de Cristo. 13 ¿No sabéis que los que trabajan en el santuario, comen del santuario; y que los que sirven al altar, del altar participan? 14 Así también ordenó el Señor á los que anuncian el evangelio, que vivan del evangelio. 15 Mas yo de nada de esto me aproveché: ni tampoco he escrito esto para que se haga así conmigo; porque tengo por mejor morir, antes que nadie haga vana [esta] mi gloria. 16 Pues bien que anuncio el evangelio, no tengo por qué gloriarme; porque me es impuesta necesidad; y ¡ay de mí si no anunciare el evangelio! 17 Por lo cual, si lo hago de voluntad, premio tendré; mas si por fuerza, la dispensación me ha sido encargada. 18 ¿Cuál, pues, es mi merced? Que predicando el evangelio, ponga el evangelio de Cristo de balde, para no usar mal de mi potestad en el evangelio. 19 Por lo cual, siendo libre para con todos, me he hecho siervo de todos por ganar á más. 20 Heme hecho á los Judíos como Judío, por ganar á los Judíos; á los que están sujetos á la ley (aunque yo no sea sujeto á la ley) como sujeto á la ley, por ganar á los que están sujetos á la ley; 21 A los que son sin ley, como si yo fuera sin ley, (no estando yo sin ley de Dios, mas en la ley de Cristo) por ganar á los que estaban sin ley. 22 Me he hecho á los flacos flaco, por ganar á los flacos: á todos me he hecho todo, para que de todo punto salve á algunos. 23 Y esto hago por causa del evangelio, por hacerme juntamente participante de él. 24 ¿No sabéis que los que corren en el estadio, todos á la verdad corren, mas uno lleva el premio? Corred de tal manera que [lo] obtengáis. 25 Y todo aquel que lucha, de todo se abstiene: y ellos, á la verdad, para recibir una corona corruptible; mas nosotros, incorruptible. 26 Así que, yo de esta manera corro, no como á cosa incierta; de esta manera peleo, no como quien hiere el aire: 27 Antes hiero mi cuerpo, y lo pongo en servidumbre; no sea que, habiendo predicado á otros, yo mismo venga á ser reprobado.

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