1 Kings 11

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1 Kings 11 is the fall of Solomon. The king who asked for wisdom loved many foreign women, seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines, and in his old age they turned his heart to Ashtoreth, Milcom, Chemosh, and Molech, for whom he built high places east of Jerusalem. The LORD, who had appeared to him twice, announces that the kingdom will be torn from him, though for David's sake not in his lifetime and not entirely. Three adversaries rise: Hadad the Edomite, Rezon of Damascus, and Jeroboam, Solomon's own overseer, to whom the prophet Ahijah gives ten pieces of a torn cloak and the promise of ten tribes. Solomon tries to kill Jeroboam, who flees to Egypt, and dies after forty years, leaving Rehoboam.

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1 Kings 11 is the chapter nobody wanted to write. Solomon has built the temple, prayed its dedication, received the Queen of Sheba, and grown richer and wiser than any king on earth, and now the narrator has to tell how it ended. It begins with a single word, "however." King Solomon, however, loved many foreign women. Seven hundred wives, three hundred concubines, princesses from every nation God had warned Israel not to marry, and when he was old they did what the warning said they would: they turned his heart. The man who had seen the LORD twice built shrines on the hill east of Jerusalem for the gods of Sidon, Moab, and Ammon, and burned incense with his wives. God's verdict is exact. The kingdom will be torn away, but not in your lifetime, for your father David's sake, and not all of it, for Jerusalem's sake. Then the narrator shows the tearing already under way. Hadad of Edom, a boy who escaped Joab's massacre and was raised at Pharaoh's table, asks to go home. Rezon takes Damascus. And a capable young overseer named Jeroboam meets the prophet Ahijah on an empty road, watches him tear a new cloak into twelve pieces, and is handed ten of them with a promise: obey, and I will build you a house like David's. Solomon tries to have him killed, and he runs to Egypt to wait. The chapter ends the way the books of Kings end every reign, with a source, a number of years, a burial, and a son. The son is Rehoboam, and the cloak is about to tear.

Pasajes clave

1 Kings 11:1-8 1 Kings 11:9-13 1 Kings 11:26-40 1 Kings 11:41-43 Deuteronomy 17:14-17 1 Kings 3:5-14

Historical and literary context

Solomon reigned in the tenth century BC, and his marriages were diplomacy: alliances with Egypt, Moab, Ammon, Edom, Sidon, and the Hittite states were sealed with royal daughters, each of whom brought her gods. The hill "east of Jerusalem" is the Mount of Olives, which later writers called the Mount of Corruption. Edom, Damascus, and the northern tribes were the three flanks of Solomon's empire, and the chapter shows each turning against him; the Assyrian and Egyptian records of the period confirm the rise of Aram-Damascus. Shishak, who shelters Jeroboam, is Pharaoh Shoshenq I, whose own inscription records a campaign into Israel after Solomon's death. The Book of the Acts of Solomon, cited in verse 41, is a lost source.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 8 describe the marriages, the turning of Solomon's heart, and the high places for foreign gods. Verses 9 to 13 give the LORD's anger and sentence, with the two mitigations for David's sake. Verses 14 to 22 tell Hadad's story, from the massacre in Edom to Pharaoh's court to his request to go home. Verses 23 to 25 introduce Rezon of Damascus. Verses 26 to 40 tell of Jeroboam: his rise in Solomon's service, Ahijah's acted prophecy with the twelve pieces of the cloak, the promise conditioned on obedience, and his flight to Egypt. Verses 41 to 43 close Solomon's reign with the source note, the forty years, his death, and Rehoboam's succession.

Why this chapter matters

The chapter is the Bible's great warning that wisdom does not protect the heart, and "his wives turned his heart away" has been a text on marriage and compromise ever since. It explains the division of the kingdom, the central fact of Israel's history for the next two centuries, as the consequence of idolatry rather than politics. Ahijah's torn cloak is one of the memorable prophetic signs, and the promise to Jeroboam, "I will build you a lasting dynasty just as I built for David," shows that the northern kingdom began with a genuine offer. The "lamp" for David in Jerusalem became the phrase for the survival of David's line, and thus of the messianic hope.

Interpretive tension to watch

The chapter blames Solomon's wives for his apostasy, and readers have to decide how much the narrator holds Solomon responsible for choices the text describes as his own love. The account of a king with a thousand wives sits beside Deuteronomy's rule that a king must not multiply wives, and beside the Song of Solomon's celebration of one beloved. God's sentence is delayed and softened for David's sake, which raises the question of how the sins of one generation fall on the next. And the three adversaries are said to be raised up by God, though Hadad's grievance and Jeroboam's ambition are entirely human, a tension the book leaves standing.

Preguntas para este capítulo

Solomon's heart turned "when he grew old." What guards a heart over decades that a single good decision cannot?
God delays the judgment for David's sake and keeps one tribe for Jerusalem. What does that say about how God's promises and his judgments work together?
Jeroboam is offered a dynasty like David's if he obeys. Knowing how his story ends, what does the chapter teach about beginnings?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

Añadir a notas

1 But king Solomon loved many strange women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Zidonians, [and] Hittites; 2 Of the nations [concerning] which the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall not go in to them, neither shall they come in unto you: [for] surely they will turn away your heart after their gods: Solomon clave unto these in love. 3 And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines: and his wives turned away his heart. 4 For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, [that] his wives turned away his heart after other gods: and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as [was] the heart of David his father. 5 For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites. 6 And Solomon did evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD, as [did] David his father. 7 Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, in the hill that [is] before Jerusalem, and for Molech, the abomination of the children of Ammon. 8 And likewise did he for all his strange wives, which burnt incense and sacrificed unto their gods. 9 ¶ And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned from the LORD God of Israel, which had appeared unto him twice, 10 And had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods: but he kept not that which the LORD commanded. 11 Wherefore the LORD said unto Solomon, Forasmuch as this is done of thee, and thou hast not kept my covenant and my statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant. 12 Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it for David thy father’s sake: [but] I will rend it out of the hand of thy son. 13 Howbeit I will not rend away all the kingdom; [but] will give one tribe to thy son for David my servant’s sake, and for Jerusalem’s sake which I have chosen. 14 ¶ And the LORD stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the Edomite: he [was] of the king’s seed in Edom. 15 For it came to pass, when David was in Edom, and Joab the captain of the host was gone up to bury the slain, after he had smitten every male in Edom; 16 (For six months did Joab remain there with all Israel, until he had cut off every male in Edom:) 17 That Hadad fled, he and certain Edomites of his father’s servants with him, to go into Egypt; Hadad [being] yet a little child. 18 And they arose out of Midian, and came to Paran: and they took men with them out of Paran, and they came to Egypt, unto Pharaoh king of Egypt; which gave him an house, and appointed him victuals, and gave him land. 19 And Hadad found great favour in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he gave him to wife the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen. 20 And the sister of Tahpenes bare him Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh’s house: and Genubath was in Pharaoh’s household among the sons of Pharaoh. 21 And when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers, and that Joab the captain of the host was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh, Let me depart, that I may go to mine own country. 22 Then Pharaoh said unto him, But what hast thou lacked with me, that, behold, thou seekest to go to thine own country? And he answered, Nothing: howbeit let me go in any wise. 23 ¶ And God stirred him up [another] adversary, Rezon the son of Eliadah, which fled from his lord Hadadezer king of Zobah: 24 And he gathered men unto him, and became captain over a band, when David slew them [of Zobah:] and they went to Damascus, and dwelt therein, and reigned in Damascus. 25 And he was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon, beside the mischief that Hadad [did:] and he abhorred Israel, and reigned over Syria. 26 ¶ And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephrathite of Zereda, Solomon’s servant, whose mother’s name [was] Zeruah, a widow woman, even he lifted up [his] hand against the king. 27 And this [was] the cause that he lifted up [his] hand against the king: Solomon built Millo, [and] repaired the breaches of the city of David his father. 28 And the man Jeroboam [was] a mighty man of valour: and Solomon seeing the young man that he was industrious, he made him ruler over all the charge of the house of Joseph. 29 And it came to pass at that time when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him in the way; and he had clad himself with a new garment; and they two [were] alone in the field: 30 And Ahijah caught the new garment that [was] on him, and rent it [in] twelve pieces: 31 And he said to Jeroboam, Take thee ten pieces: for thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to thee: 32 (But he shall have one tribe for my servant David’s sake, and for Jerusalem’s sake, the city which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel:) 33 Because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon, and have not walked in my ways, to do [that which is] right in mine eyes, and [to keep] my statutes and my judgments, as [did] David his father. 34 Howbeit I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand: but I will make him prince all the days of his life for David my servant’s sake, whom I chose, because he kept my commandments and my statutes: 35 But I will take the kingdom out of his son’s hand, and will give it unto thee, [even] ten tribes. 36 And unto his son will I give one tribe, that David my servant may have a light alway before me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen me to put my name there. 37 And I will take thee, and thou shalt reign according to all that thy soul desireth, and shalt be king over Israel. 38 And it shall be, if thou wilt hearken unto all that I command thee, and wilt walk in my ways, and do [that is] right in my sight, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as David my servant did; that I will be with thee, and build thee a sure house, as I built for David, and will give Israel unto thee. 39 And I will for this afflict the seed of David, but not for ever. 40 Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam. And Jeroboam arose, and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of Solomon. 41 ¶ And the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and his wisdom, [are] they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon? 42 And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel [was] forty years. 43 And Solomon slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead.

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