Ephesians 1

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Ephesians 1 opens with a blessing that in Greek is a single sentence of 202 words, running from verse 3 to verse 14. It praises God for every spiritual blessing in Christ: chosen before the foundation of the world, predestined for adoption, redeemed through his blood, forgiven, let in on the mystery of God's will to bring everything together in Christ, made heirs, and sealed with the promised Holy Spirit as the down payment on the inheritance, all "to the praise of His glory." Then Paul prays that his readers may know the hope of God's calling, the riches of his inheritance, and the greatness of his power, the power that raised Christ and seated him above every authority as head over everything for the church.

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Ephesians 1 begins with a sentence that Paul, or his secretary, could not bring himself to end. From verse 3 to verse 14 it is one Greek sentence, 202 words long, and it is one of the great pieces of praise in the Bible. Blessed be God, it says, who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in Christ. Then it unrolls the blessings like a scroll. He chose us before the world was founded. He predestined us to be adopted as his children. He redeemed us with his Son's blood and forgave our trespasses, lavishly. He let us in on the secret of his plan, which is to gather everything in heaven and on earth under one head, Christ. He made us heirs. And he sealed us with the Holy Spirit, the first installment of an inheritance still to come. Three times the sentence catches its breath with the same phrase: to the praise of his glory. Only then does Paul turn to his readers, and what he does is pray for them. He asks that God would open the eyes of their hearts to see three things they already possess, the hope they were called to, the wealth of the inheritance, and the size of the power at work in them. To measure that power he points to the one place it has been fully shown: God raised Christ from the dead, seated him at his right hand above every authority and every name, put everything under his feet, and made him head over all of it for the sake of the church, which is his body. The letter has not asked anything of its readers yet. It is still telling them what they have.

Key passages

Ephesians 1:3-6 Ephesians 1:7-10 Ephesians 1:13-14 Ephesians 1:15-19 Ephesians 1:20-23 Romans 8:28-30

Historical and literary context

The letter was written from prison, traditionally Rome around AD 60 to 62, and the words "in Ephesus" are absent from the oldest manuscripts, so it was probably a circular letter to the churches of the Roman province of Asia, of which Ephesus was the capital. Ephesus was famous for the temple of Artemis and for magic, which gives the letter's emphasis on Christ above "all rule and authority, power and dominion" a local edge. The opening blessing follows the form of a Jewish berakah, "Blessed be God," and the language of election and inheritance is Israel's, now applied to a church of Jews and Gentiles. A seal marked ownership and authenticity, and the "pledge" was a first installment guaranteeing full payment. Some scholars think a disciple wrote the letter in Paul's name.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 and 2 are the greeting. Verses 3 to 14 are the blessing, which many divide by the three persons: the Father's choosing and predestining in verses 3 to 6, the Son's redemption and the revealed mystery in verses 7 to 12, and the Spirit's sealing in verses 13 and 14, each part ending with "to the praise of His glory." Verses 15 to 23 are the thanksgiving and prayer: thanks for their faith and love, the request for a spirit of wisdom and enlightened eyes, the three things to know, and the description of Christ's resurrection, enthronement, and headship over the church, which is his body and fullness.

Why this chapter matters

The chapter is the New Testament's densest statement of election and predestination and has been the battleground for that doctrine since Augustine; it is also the source of the phrase "the praise of His glory" and of the picture of the Spirit as seal and deposit. Verse 10, God's plan "to bring all things in heaven and on earth together in Christ," has shaped Christian thinking about the cosmic scope of salvation. The prayer of verses 17 to 19 is one of the most prayed passages of Scripture, and verses 20 to 23, Christ seated above every power with everything under his feet, ground the church's confidence in a world of rival authorities. "The church, which is His body" begins the letter's great theme.

Interpretive tension to watch

Whether "He chose us" means God chose individuals for salvation or chose a people in Christ, and whether predestination is compatible with human freedom, are questions this chapter raises without settling, and Christian traditions have divided over it for sixteen centuries. The 202-word sentence resists translation, and every English version has to decide where to break it and how to attach phrases such as "in love." Verse 23, the church as "the fullness of Him who fills all in all," can mean that Christ fills the church or that the church completes Christ, and interpreters disagree. The letter's authorship and the missing "in Ephesus" remain open questions.

Questions for this chapter

  • The blessing lists what God has done before anyone asked. How does starting from God's initiative rather than your own change the way you pray?
  • Paul prays that the "eyes of your heart" be enlightened to know hope, inheritance, and power. Which of the three is hardest for you to see right now?
  • The power at work in believers is the power that raised Christ from the dead. Where in your life would you expect to see that kind of power?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

Add to Notes
1 Hilsen fra Paulus, som ved Guds vilje er utsending for Jesus Kristus. Til alle i Efesos som tilhører Gud og trofast lever i fellesskap med Kristus. 2 Jeg ber at Gud, vår Far, og Herren Jesus Kristus vil vise dere godhet og fylle dere med fred. 3 La oss hylle Gud, han som er Far til vår Herre Jesus Kristus. Gud har ved sin Ånd gitt oss all godhet på grunn av vårt fellesskap med Kristus. 4 Allerede før verden ble skapt, hadde Gud i sin kjærlighet bestemt at den som lever i fellesskap med hans Sønn, skal få tilhøre ham og en dag stige fram for Gud uten skyld. 5 Hele tiden var planen at vi skulle bli hans barn gjennom det Jesus Kristus gjorde for oss. Ja, dette var hans vilje, og han gledet seg til dagen det skulle skje! 6 Så la oss hylle Gud for den fantastiske nåden han har vist oss ved at vi tilhører hans elskede Sønn. 7 Ja, han viste oss en uendelig nåde da han lot Sønnen ofre sitt blod. Gjennom dette har vi blitt kjøpt fri fra vårt slaveri og har fått tilgivelse for syndene våre. 8 I sin overstrømmende godhet ga Gud oss visdom og forstand. 9 Han avslørte nemlig sin hemmelige plan for oss, den planen som han hadde gjort klar allerede i tidenes begynnelse. 10 Den gikk ut på at Gud, da den rette tiden var kommet, ville la Kristus bli høvding over hele skaperverket, over alle ting som finnes både i himmelen og på jorden. 11 Etter som vi nå lever i fellesskap med Kristus, skal vi også få arve alt det gode som finnes hos Gud. Dette er i tråd med den planen som han utformet. Alt det Gud tenker ut, blir som han vil. 12 Hans hensikt med alt dette var at vi jøder, som var de første til å håpe på Kristus, skulle hylle og ære Gud. 13 Men nå har også dere som ikke er jøder, fått høre budskapet om Jesus, det sanne budskapet som kan frelse dere. Og etter som dere tror på Kristus og lever i fellesskap med ham, har Gud også gitt dere sin Hellige Ånd som et tegn på at dere tilhører ham. Dette er helt i trå med det han lovet for lenge siden. 14 Guds Ånd er garantien for at Gud virkelig skal la oss arve alt det gode som finnes hos ham, den dagen han setter oss fri, vi som er hans eget folk. Dette er enda en grunn til å hylle og ære Gud. 15 Helt siden jeg fikk høre om troen deres på Herren Jesus og om den kjærlighet dere viser alle de troende, 16 har jeg stadig takket Gud når jeg ber for dere. 17 Jeg ber at Gud, vår Herre Jesu Kristi mektige og vidunderlige Far i himmelen, skal la sin Ånd gi dere visdom og forstand, slik at dere dag for dag lærer Gud bedre å kjenne. 18 Jeg ber også at dere skal innse hvilken fantastisk framtid Gud har tilbydd oss. Han har nemlig bestemt at vi som tilhører ham, skal få arve alle de store og herlige rikdommene som finnes hos ham. 19 Jeg ber om at dere må forstå hvor utrolig sterk den kraften er som han lar virke i oss. Det er den samme mektige kraften 20 som han lot virke i Kristus, da han vakte ham opp fra de døde og satte ham på sin høyre side i himmelen for at han skulle regjere med ham. 21 Kristus regjerer nå over alle myndigheter, makter, krefter og kraftfulle engler. Ja, han står over alle ting som finnes både i denne verden og i den kommende. 22 Gud har gitt Kristus makt over alle ting. Han som har fått makten over hele universet, har også blitt leder og hode for menigheten. 23 Menigheten er kroppen hans, og gjennom den er Kristus fullt og helt til stede hos menneskene, han som fyller alt i alle i himmelen og på jorden.

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