Acts 1

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Acts 1 is the bridge between the Gospel of Luke and the story of the church. Luke describes the forty days of appearances, the command to wait in Jerusalem for the promised Spirit, and the disciples' question about restoring the kingdom to Israel. Jesus redirects it: the timing is the Father's, but they will receive power and be his witnesses in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. He is taken up, two men in white promise he will return the same way, and the disciples go back to the upper room to pray with the women, Mary, and Jesus' brothers. Peter explains Judas's death from the Psalms, and the community chooses Matthias by lot to restore the Twelve.

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Acts 1 is the hinge on which the New Testament turns. Luke, writing again to Theophilus, picks up where his Gospel stopped: Jesus, risen, showing himself alive over forty days with proofs that convinced, teaching about the kingdom, and telling his disciples not to leave Jerusalem until the Father's promise arrived. They ask the question anyone would ask, whether this is the moment he restores the kingdom to Israel, and he neither says yes nor no. The times are not theirs to know. What is theirs is power, and a job: to be his witnesses in Jerusalem, then Judea and Samaria, then to the ends of the earth, a sentence that is the outline of the whole book that follows. Then he is lifted up, a cloud takes him, and the disciples are still staring at the sky when two men in white ask them why. He will come back the way he went. They walk the short Sabbath distance back into the city and climb to the upper room, and Luke lists who is there: the eleven, the women, Mary his mother, and his brothers, who had once tried to take him home as a madman and are now on their knees with the rest. Peter stands up in a room of about a hundred and twenty and does the first piece of church business, filling the place Judas left. Two men are proposed, the community prays that the Lord who knows every heart will choose, and the lot falls to Matthias. It is the last time the church casts lots. In the next chapter the Spirit comes, and it never needs to again.

Historical and literary context

Acts is the second volume of a two-part work addressed to Theophilus, perhaps a patron, written by the author of the third Gospel, traditionally Luke the physician and companion of Paul. The Mount of Olives lies just east of Jerusalem, a Sabbath day's journey, about two thousand cubits or under a kilometer, being the distance Jewish law allowed on the Sabbath. Casting lots to discern God's choice was ancient practice, used for the priestly duties and the division of the land; this is the last time the church does it, since the Spirit arrives in the next chapter. Peter quotes Psalms 69 and 109 for Judas. A gathering of about a hundred and twenty was a substantial community. Judas's field, Akeldama, was still pointed out in Jerusalem when Luke wrote.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 5 recap the Gospel, the forty days, the kingdom teaching, and the command to wait for the Spirit. Verses 6 to 8 give the question about Israel's kingdom and the answer that becomes the outline of the book. Verses 9 to 11 narrate the ascension and the angels' promise. Verses 12 to 14 describe the return to the upper room and the praying community, with the list of the eleven. Verses 15 to 22 are Peter's speech on Judas and the need for a replacement, with Luke's parenthesis on Judas's death. Verses 23 to 26 present the two candidates, the prayer, the lot, and Matthias's enrollment with the eleven.

Why this chapter matters

Verse 8 is the table of contents for the whole book of Acts, Jerusalem in chapters 1 to 7, Judea and Samaria in 8 to 12, the ends of the earth from 13 on, and it has been the charter of Christian mission ever since. The ascension, narrated only here in detail, entered the creeds and gave the church its picture of Christ reigning in heaven and returning as he left. "Why do you stand here looking into the sky?" is the classic rebuke to a faith that waits instead of witnessing. The community of verse 14, apostles, women, and Jesus' family praying together, is the first portrait of the church, and the presence of his brothers, who had not believed during his ministry, is its own quiet resurrection story.

Interpretive tension to watch

Luke's account of Judas falling headlong in a field he bought differs from Matthew's account of Judas hanging himself and the priests buying the field, and harmonizers have worked on the two for centuries. Matthias is never mentioned again, and some have asked whether the church acted too soon and Paul was the intended twelfth apostle; Luke shows no such doubt. The disciples' question about restoring the kingdom to Israel is not rejected, only its timing, which leaves open what Luke thought about Israel's future. And the forty days, the cloud, and the two men in white are told with such restraint that readers disagree about how literally the ascension is meant to be pictured.

Questions for this chapter

  • The disciples ask about restoring the kingdom; Jesus answers with a mission. How do the two questions, "when will you fix things?" and "what should we do?", relate?
  • The angels ask why they are staring into the sky. What does waiting for Christ's return look like when it is done well?
  • Jesus' brothers, who once thought he was out of his mind, are in the upper room praying. What changed them?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

1 První zajisté knihu sepsalť jsem, ó Teofile, o všech věcech, kteréž začal Ježíš činiti a učiti, 2 Až do toho dne, v kterémžto dav přikázání apoštolům, kteréž byl skrze Ducha svatého vyvolil, vzhůru vzat jest. 3 Kterýmžto i zjevoval sebe samého živého po svém umučení ve mnohých jistých důvodích, za čtyřidceti dnů ukazuje se jim a mluvě o království Božím. 4 A shromáždiv se s nimi, přikázal jim, aby z Jeruzaléma neodcházeli, ale aby očekávali zaslíbení Otcova, o kterémž jste prý slyšeli ode mne. 5 Nebo Jan zajisté křtil vodou, ale vy pokřtěni budete Duchem svatým po nemnohých těchto dnech. 6 Oni pak sšedše se, otázali se ho, řkouce: Pane, v tomto-li času napravíš království Izraelské? 7 I řekl jim: Neníť vaše věc znáti časy anebo příhodnosti časů, kteréžto Otec v moci své položil. 8 Ale přijmete moc Ducha svatého, přicházejícího na vás, a budete mi svědkové, i v Jeruzalémě, i ve všem Judstvu, i v Samaří, a až do posledních končin země. 9 A to pověděv, ani na to hledí, vzhůru vyzdvižen jest, a oblak vzal jej od očí jejich. 10 A když za ním v nebe jdoucím pilně hleděli, aj, dva muži postavili se podle nich v rouše bílém, 11 A řekli: Muži Galilejští, co stojíte, hledíce do nebe? Tento Ježíš, kterýž vzhůru vzat jest od vás do nebe, takť přijde, jakž jste spatřili způsob jeho jdoucího do nebe. 12 Tedy navrátili se do Jeruzaléma od hory, jenž slove Olivetská, kteráž jest blízko Jeruzaléma, vzdálí cesty jednoho dne svátečního. 13 A když přišli domů, vstoupili do vrchního příbytku domu, kdež přebývali, i Petr i Jakub, i Jan a Ondřej, Filip a Tomáš, Bartoloměj a Matouš, Jakub Alfeův a Šimon Zelótes a Judas bratr Jakubův. 14 Ti všickni byli trvajíce jednomyslně na modlitbě a pokorné prosbě s ženami a s Marijí, matkou Ježíšovou, i s bratřími jeho. 15 V těch pak dnech povstav Petr uprostřed učedlníků, řekl (a byl zástup lidí spolu shromážděných okolo sta a dvadcíti): 16 Muži bratří, musilo se naplniti Písmo to, kteréž předpověděl Duch svatý skrze ústa Davidova o Jidášovi, kterýž byl vůdce těch, jenž jímali Ježíše. 17 Nebo byl přičten k nám, a byl došel losu přisluhování tohoto. 18 Ten zajisté obdržel pole ze mzdy nepravosti, a oběsiv se, rozpukl se na dvé, i vykydla se všecka střeva jeho. 19 A to známé jest učiněno všechněm přebývajícím v Jeruzalémě, takže jest nazváno pole to vlastním jazykem jejich Akeldama, to jest pole krve. 20 Psáno jest zajisté v knihách Žalmů: Budiž příbytek jeho pustý, a nebuď, kdo by přebýval v něm, a opět: Biskupství jeho vezmi jiný. 21 Protož musíť to býti, aby jeden z těch mužů, kteříž jsou s námi bývali po všecken čas, v němž přebýval mezi námi Pán Ježíš, 22 Počav od křtu Janova až do dne toho, v kterémžto vzhůru vzat jest od nás, byl svědkem spolu s námi vzkříšení jeho. 23 Tedy postavili dva, Jozefa, jenž sloul Barsabáš, kterýž měl příjmí Justus, a Matěje. 24 A modléce se, řekli: Ty, Pane, všech srdcí zpytateli, ukažiž, kterého jsi vyvolil z těchto dvou, 25 Aby přijal los přisluhování tohoto a apoštolství, z něhož jest vypadl Jidáš, aby odšel na místo své. 26 I dali jim losy. Spadl pak los na Matěje, i připojen jest z společného snešení k jedenácti apoštolům.

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