Jude 1

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KI zu diesem Kapitel fragen

Jude is a one-chapter letter written in a hurry. The author, a brother of James, had meant to write about the salvation they share but instead urges his readers to contend for the faith delivered once for all, because certain men have crept in who turn grace into a license for immorality and deny Christ. He recalls the judgment on unbelieving Israel, the fallen angels, and Sodom, and describes the intruders in a torrent of images: hidden reefs, waterless clouds, fruitless trees twice dead, wild waves, wandering stars. Then he turns to the beloved: build yourselves up in faith, pray in the Spirit, keep yourselves in God's love, have mercy on doubters. The letter ends with the doxology to the one who is able to keep you from stumbling.

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Jude is the letter its author did not want to write. He says so in the third verse: he had been eager to write about the salvation they all share, and then something forced his hand. Certain people had slipped into the churches unnoticed, teaching that God's grace meant they could do as they pleased, and in practice denying the Master who bought them. So Jude, the brother of James and, though he does not say it, of Jesus, writes to tell his readers to fight for the faith that was handed over once and for all. The middle of the letter is a barrage. He lines up Israel in the wilderness, the angels who abandoned their post, Sodom and Gomorrah, Cain, Balaam, and Korah, and then reaches for a string of pictures that no other New Testament writer would have dared: the intruders are reefs hidden under the surface of the love feast, clouds that promise rain and give none, autumn trees with no fruit and no roots, waves foaming up their own filth, stars that have wandered off their courses into permanent dark. Even the archangel Michael, he notes, did not talk the way these people talk. Then, having spent his anger, Jude turns to the people he loves, and his voice changes completely. Build yourselves up in your holy faith. Pray in the Spirit. Keep yourselves in the love of God while you wait for mercy. Be merciful to the ones who doubt; pull the ones who are close to the fire out of it; be merciful, carefully, even to the rest. And he ends with the words churches have been saying at the end of worship ever since: to him who is able to keep you from falling and to bring you into his presence without a blemish and with great joy, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time, now, and forever.

Wichtige Bibelstellen

Jude 1:3-4 Jude 1:5-7 Jude 1:12-13 Jude 1:20-23 Jude 1:24-25 2 Peter 2:1-3

Historischer und literarischer Kontext

Jude and James were brothers of Jesus who did not believe during his ministry and became leaders in the church after the resurrection; Jude introduces himself by his brother's name rather than his Lord's family connection, out of modesty. The letter is undated; its reference to what the apostles "foretold" places it after the first generation had been teaching for some time, perhaps the 60s to 80s. It quotes two books outside the Hebrew Bible, the Assumption of Moses for Michael's dispute over Moses' body and 1 Enoch for the prophecy of the Lord coming with his holy ones, both known in Jewish circles of the period. Much of Jude reappears in 2 Peter 2, and scholars debate which borrowed from which. Love feasts were the shared meals at which the Lord's Supper was eaten.

Wie sich das Kapitel entfaltet

Verses 1 and 2 are the greeting to those called, loved, and kept. Verses 3 and 4 state the occasion: the change of plan and the intruders. Verses 5 to 7 give three examples of judgment, Israel in the wilderness, the fallen angels, and Sodom. Verses 8 to 13 describe the intruders, with Michael's restraint as a contrast and Cain, Balaam, and Korah as their ancestors, ending in the images of reefs, clouds, trees, waves, and stars. Verses 14 to 16 apply Enoch's prophecy to them. Verses 17 to 23 turn to the readers: remember the apostles' warning, build up, pray, keep yourselves in love, and deal with the wavering in three different ways. Verses 24 and 25 are the doxology.

Warum dieses Kapitel wichtig ist

Verse 3, "contend earnestly for the faith entrusted once for all to the saints," is the classic text for defending Christian teaching and gave the word "contend" its place in church vocabulary. The doxology of verses 24 and 25, "to Him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you unblemished," is among the most used benedictions in Christian worship. Jude's insistence that grace is not a license for immorality answers a distortion that has recurred in every century. His graded instructions for the wavering, mercy for doubters, rescue for those near the fire, and mercy with caution for others, are a rare piece of pastoral guidance on how to treat people at different distances from the faith.

Auslegungsfrage im Blick behalten

Jude quotes 1 Enoch as prophecy and alludes to the Assumption of Moses, neither of which is in the Old Testament, and the church has debated since the early centuries what that implies about those books and about Jude; the letter's own place in the canon was questioned for the same reason. The fallen angels of verse 6 and the "strange flesh" of Sodom are read in the light of Genesis 6 by some and as separate matters by others. The identity of the intruders is unknown, and the letter's fierce language about them sits beside its threefold mercy toward the wavering, which readers must hold together. The text of verses 22 and 23 is uncertain in the manuscripts, so the number of groups varies between translations.

Fragen zu diesem Kapitel

  • Jude wanted to write about shared salvation and instead wrote a warning. When is contending for the faith the loving thing to do, and when is it a distraction from it?
  • The intruders "turn the grace of our God into a license for immorality." How does grace get twisted that way, and what keeps it from being twisted?
  • Verses 22 and 23 prescribe different responses for doubters, for those near the fire, and for others. Who around you fits each, and what does mercy look like in each case?

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1 Giuda, servitore di Gesù Cristo e fratello di Giacomo, ai chiamati che sono amati in Dio Padre e custoditi da Gesù Cristo, 2 misericordia e pace e carità vi sian moltiplicate. 3 Diletti, ponendo io ogni studio nello scrivervi della nostra comune salvazione, mi sono trovato costretto a scrivervi per esortarvi a combattere strenuamente per la fede, che è stata una volta per sempre tramandata ai santi. 4 Poiché si sono intrusi fra noi certi uomini, (per i quali già ab antico è scritta questa condanna), empi che volgon in dissolutezza la grazia del nostro Dio e negano il nostro unico Padrone e Signore Gesù Cristo. 5 Or voglio ricordare a voi che avete da tempo conosciuto tutto questo, che il Signore, dopo aver tratto in salvo il popolo dal paese di Egitto, fece in seguito perire quelli che non credettero, 6 e che Egli ha serbato in catene eterne, nelle tenebre, per il giudicio del gran giorno, gli angeli che non serbarono la loro dignità primiera, ma lasciarono la loro propria dimora. 7 Nello stesso modo Sodoma e Gomorra e le città circonvicine, essendosi abbandonate alla fornicazione nella stessa maniera di costoro ed essendo andate dietro a vizi contro natura, sono poste come un esempio, portando la pena d’un fuoco eterno. 8 E ciò nonostante, anche costoro, nello stesso modo, trasognati, mentre contaminano la carne, disprezzano l’autorità e dicon male della dignità. 9 Invece, l’arcangelo Michele quando, contendendo col diavolo, disputava circa il corpo di Mosè, non ardì lanciare contro a lui un giudizio ingiurioso, ma disse: Ti sgridi il Signore! 10 Ma costoro dicon male di tutte le cose che non sanno; e in quelle che sanno per natura, come le bestie senza ragione, si corrompono. 11 Guai a loro! Perché si sono incamminati per la via di Caino, e per amor di lucro si son gettati nei traviamenti di Balaam, e son periti per la ribellione di Core. 12 Costoro son delle macchie nelle vostre agapi quando banchettano con voi senza ritegno, pascendo se stessi; nuvole senz’acqua, portate qua e là dai venti; alberi d’autunno senza frutti, due volte morti, sradicati; 13 furiose onde del mare, schiumanti la lor bruttura; stelle erranti, a cui è riserbata la caligine delle tenebre in eterno. 14 Per loro pure profetizzò Enoc, il settimo da Adamo, dicendo: Ecco, il Signore è venuto con le sue sante miriadi per fare giudicio contro tutti, 15 e per convincere tutti gli empi di tutte le opere d’empietà che hanno empiamente commesse, e di tutti gli insulti che gli empi peccatori hanno proferiti contro di lui. 16 Costoro son mormoratori, querimoniosi; camminano secondo le loro concupiscenze; la loro bocca proferisce cose sopra modo gonfie, e circondano d’ammirazione le persone per motivi interessati. 17 Ma voi, diletti, ricordatevi delle parole dette innanzi dagli apostoli del Signor nostro Gesù Cristo; 18 com’essi vi dicevano: Nell’ultimo tempo vi saranno degli schernitori che cammineranno secondo le loro empie concupiscenze. 19 Costoro son quelli che provocano le divisioni, gente sensuale, che non ha lo Spirito. 20 Ma voi, diletti, edificando voi stessi sulla vostra santissima fede, pregando mediante lo Spirito Santo, 21 conservatevi nell’amor di Dio, aspettando la misericordia del Signor nostro Gesù Cristo per aver la vita eterna. 22 E abbiate pietà degli uni che sono nel dubbio; 23 salvateli, strappandoli dal fuoco; e degli altri abbiate pietà mista a timore, odiando perfino la veste macchiata dalla carne. 24 Or a Colui che è potente da preservarvi da ogni caduta e da farvi comparire davanti alla sua gloria irreprensibili, con giubilo, 25 all’Iddio unico, Salvator nostro per mezzo di Gesù Cristo nostro Signore, siano gloria, maestà, forza e potestà, da ogni eternità, ora e per tutti i secoli. Amen.

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