Matthew 22

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Matthew 22 is a day of confrontation in the temple during the last week of Jesus's life. It opens with a parable of a wedding banquet whose invited guests refuse to come, then records three attempts to trap Jesus, on taxes to Caesar, on the resurrection, and on the greatest commandment, each of which he turns into teaching. It ends with his own question about the Messiah as David's son and David's Lord, after which no one dares to ask him anything more.

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Matthew 22 records one long day of questions, and it is worth noticing who asks them. Jesus has ridden into Jerusalem, overturned the tables in the temple, and told parables that the leaders recognized as being about themselves. Now they come at him in turn. First the Pharisees, with the Herodians beside them, bring the tax question, a trap with no safe answer: say yes and lose the crowd, say no and give Rome its charge. Jesus asks for the coin, asks whose image it bears, and returns the question to them with a second clause they had not asked about: give to God what is God's. Then the Sadducees, who did not believe in resurrection, bring a riddle about a woman married to seven brothers, and Jesus answers from the one part of Scripture they accepted, the books of Moses, arguing from a present tense that the God of Abraham is the God of the living. Then a lawyer asks which commandment is greatest, and receives the sentence that summarizes the whole Bible. Finally Jesus asks his own question, about how David could call his descendant "Lord," and no one can answer. The chapter opens with a banquet that the invited would not attend. By its end, the invitation has been made in public, and the guests have declined again.

Passagens-chave

Matthew 22:1-14 Matthew 22:15-22 Matthew 22:29-32 Matthew 22:34-40

Historical and literary context

The chapter belongs to the days between Palm Sunday and the crucifixion, when Jesus taught openly in the temple courts and the religious authorities looked for a charge against him. The three questions come from different factions: the Pharisees allied with the Herodians on taxes, a politically explosive issue under Roman occupation; the Sadducees, the priestly aristocracy who denied resurrection, on the law of levirate marriage; and a lawyer from the Pharisees on the commandments. Each was designed to divide Jesus from the crowd or expose him to Rome.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 14 are the parable of the wedding banquet, with its refusing guests, its open invitation to the crossroads, and its guest without wedding clothes. Verses 15 to 22 are the coin and the question about Caesar. Verses 23 to 33 are the Sadducees' riddle about seven brothers and Jesus's answer from the burning bush: God "is not the God of the dead, but of the living." Verses 34 to 40 are the greatest commandment, love of God and love of neighbor, on which "all the Law and the Prophets hang." Verses 41 to 46 are Jesus's counter-question from Psalm 110, which silences his opponents.

Why this chapter matters

Two of the most quoted sayings of Jesus are here. "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's" has shaped Christian thinking about political authority for two thousand years, refusing both rebellion and idolatry of the state. The double love command, quoting Deuteronomy 6 and Leviticus 19, is Jesus's own summary of the entire Bible. His argument for resurrection from a present-tense verb, "I am the God of Abraham," and his reading of Psalm 110 show how he read Scripture: closely, and as testimony to himself.

Interpretive tension to watch

The parable ends with a guest thrown out for lacking wedding clothes, though he was gathered in from the streets. What do the clothes represent, and why is the open invitation not the end of the story? Readers have answered with righteousness, repentance, or the grace one must actually put on; the parable leaves the question sharp on purpose. Its last line, "many are called, but few are chosen," has been read very differently across Christian traditions.

Perguntas para este capítulo

Whose image is on the coin, and whose image is on the people holding it? How does Genesis 1:27 sit behind Jesus's answer about Caesar?
Jesus tells the Sadducees they are mistaken because they know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God. Which of the two is easier to neglect?
If all the Law and the Prophets hang on love of God and neighbor, what in your reading of the Bible needs to be re-hung on those two nails?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

Adicionar às notas

1 And Jesus answering, spoke again in parables to them, saying: 2 The kingdom of heaven is likened to a king, who made a marriage for his son. 3 And he sent his servants, to call them that were invited to the marriage; and they would not come. 4 Again he sent other servants, saying: Tell them that were invited, Behold, I have prepared my dinner; my beeves and fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come ye to the marriage. 5 But they neglected, and went their own ways, one to his farm, and another to his merchandise. 6 And the rest laid hands on his servants, and having treated them contumeliously, put them to death. 7 But when the king had heard of it, he was angry, and sending his armies, he destroyed those murderers, and burnt their city. 8 Then he saith to his servants: The marriage indeed is ready; but they that were invited were not worthy. 9 Go ye therefore into the highways; and as many as you shall find, call to the marriage. 10 And his servants going forth into the ways, gathered together all that they found, both bad and good: and the marriage was filled with guests. 11 And the king went in to see the guests: and he saw there a man who had not on a wedding garment. 12 And he saith to him: Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding garment? But he was silent. 13 Then the king said to the waiters: Bind his hands and feet, and cast him into the exterior darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. 14 For many are called, but few are chosen. 15 Then the Pharisees going, consulted among themselves how to insnare him in his speech. 16 And they sent to him their disciples with the Herodians, saying: Master, we know that thou art a true speaker, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou dost not regard the person of men. 17 Tell us therefore what dost thou think, is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not? 18 But Jesus knowing their wickedness, said: Why do you tempt me, ye hypocrites? 19 Shew me the coin of the tribute. And they offered him a penny. 20 And Jesus saith to them: Whose image and inscription is this? 21 They say to him: Caesar’s. Then he saith to them: Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and to God, the things that are God’s. 22 And hearing this they wondered, and leaving him, went their ways. 23 That day there came to him the Sadducees, who say there is no resurrection; and asked him, 24 Saying: Master, Moses said: If a man die having no son, his brother shall marry his wife, and raise up issue to his brother. 25 Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first having married a wife, died; and not having issue, left his wife to his brother. 26 In like manner the second, and the third, and so on to the seventh. 27 And last of all the woman died also. 28 At the resurrection therefore whose wife of the seven shall she be? for they all had her. 29 And Jesus answering, said to them: You err, not knowing the Scriptures, nor the power of God. 30 For in the resurrection they shall neither marry nor be married; but shall be as the angels of God in heaven. 31 And concerning the resurrection of the dead, have you not read that which was spoken by God, saying to you: 32 I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? He is not the God of the dead, but of the living. 33 And the multitudes hearing it, were in admiration at his doctrine. 34 But the Pharisees hearing that he had silenced the Sadducees, came together: 35 And one of them, a doctor of the law, asking him, tempting him: 36 Master, which is the greatest commandment in the law? 37 Jesus said to him: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart, and with thy whole soul, and with thy whole mind. 38 This is the greatest and the first commandment. 39 And the second is like to this: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 40 On these two commandments dependeth the whole law and the prophets. 41 And the Pharisees being gathered together, Jesus asked them, 42 Saying: What think you of Christ? whose son is he? They say to him: David’s. 43 He saith to them: How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying: 44 The Lord said to my Lord, Sit on my right hand, until I make thy enemies thy footstool? 45 If David then call him Lord, how is he his son? 46 And no man was able to answer him a word; neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more questions.

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