1 Corinthians 9

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1 Corinthians 9 is Paul's defense of his freedom and his explanation of why he gives it up. He has every right to be supported by the churches he serves: soldiers are paid, the law forbids muzzling a threshing ox, temple priests eat from the altar, and the Lord commanded that preachers live from the gospel. Yet Paul has used none of these rights, working with his hands so that the gospel costs nothing. Preaching is not his boast but his obligation; his reward is to offer it free. He has made himself a slave to all, a Jew to Jews, weak to the weak, all things to all people to save some. The chapter ends with the runner and the boxer who discipline their bodies for an imperishable crown.

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1 Corinthians 9 sounds at first like a man defending his expenses, and in a way it is. Some in Corinth had noticed that Paul refused their money, and had drawn conclusions: either he was not a real apostle, or he knew his work was not worth paying for. Paul answers with a barrage of questions. Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Do soldiers pay their own way? Does a farmer not eat his own grapes? Does the law not say you may not muzzle the ox that treads the grain? Do the priests not eat from the altar? Did the Lord not say that those who preach should live from the preaching? Having established the right beyond argument, he says he has never used it and never will. He would rather die. Preaching is not something he can take credit for, since he is under orders, woe to me if I do not preach; the only thing left to boast about is giving it away for nothing. Then he explains a policy that has puzzled and inspired the church ever since. Free of everyone, he has made himself everyone's slave: a Jew among Jews, an outsider among outsiders, weak among the weak, all things to all people, to save some of them. The chapter ends at the games that Corinth hosted every other year. Everyone runs, one wins; the athletes train hard for a crown of leaves that will be brown in a week; we run for one that lasts. So Paul runs with purpose, boxes with aim, and keeps his own body in hand, so that the man who preached to others is not himself disqualified.

Passagens-chave

1 Corinthians 9:1-14 1 Corinthians 9:15-18 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 Deuteronomy 25:4 Philippians 3:12-14

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55. Traveling teachers in the Greek world were expected to accept fees or patronage, and Paul's refusal of Corinthian money, while he accepted gifts from Philippi, had become a point of suspicion, as if he did not consider himself a real apostle or was hiding something. He supported himself as a leatherworker, a low-status trade. "Cephas" is Peter, who traveled with his wife; "the Lord's brothers" include James. The command that preachers live from the gospel echoes Jesus' saying that the worker deserves his wages. Corinth hosted the Isthmian Games every two years, so the runner, the boxer, and the perishable crown of pine or celery leaves were local images.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 6 assert Paul's apostleship and his rights to food, drink, a wife, and support. Verses 7 to 14 argue the right from common life, from the law of Moses on the ox, from the temple, and from the Lord's command. Verses 15 to 18 explain why he waives it: the gospel free of charge is his boast and reward, since preaching itself is compulsion. Verses 19 to 23 describe his adaptability, all things to all people, for the sake of the gospel. Verses 24 to 27 draw the athletic conclusion: run to win, train with discipline, do not be disqualified.

Why this chapter matters

"I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some" is the founding text of Christian mission strategy and of every argument for adapting the form of the message to its hearers. "Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel" has been the confession of preachers for two millennia, and verse 14 is the biblical basis for paying ministers. The runner and the imperishable crown gave Christian devotion its language of training, discipline, and finishing the race. Paul's example of waiving a right for the gospel's sake, which closes the argument about food offered to idols begun in chapter 8, is the classic case of freedom limited by love.

Interpretive tension to watch

"All things to all people" is easily read as a license for chameleon behavior, and interpreters stress the limits Paul himself states: he is under the law of Christ, and the goal is salvation, not approval. His refusal of support in Corinth while accepting it elsewhere was read by some as inconsistency, and 2 Corinthians shows the accusation stuck. Verse 27, "I myself will not be disqualified," raises the question of whether Paul thought he could lose his salvation, or only his usefulness or reward; the traditions divide. And his reading of the muzzled ox, "Is it about oxen that God is concerned?", is an early example of typological interpretation that some find strained.

Perguntas para este capítulo

Paul had a right to be paid and chose not to use it. What right of yours might the gospel ask you to lay down?
"All things to all people" has limits. How do you adapt to the people you want to reach without losing what you are trying to give them?
Athletes train for a crown that withers. What would training look like for the crown that does not?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

Adicionar às notas

1 Am I not free? am I not an Apostle? have I not seen Jesus our Lord? are you not my work in the Lord? 2 If to others I am not an Apostle, at least I am one to you: for the fact that you are Christians is the sign that I am an Apostle. 3 My answer to those who are judging me is this. 4 Have we no right to take food and drink? 5 Have we no right to take about with us a Christian wife, like the rest of the Apostles, and the brothers of the Lord, and Cephas? 6 Or I only and Barnabas, have we no right to take a rest from work? 7 Who ever goes to war without looking to someone to be responsible for his payment? who puts in vines and does not take the fruit of them? or who takes care of sheep without drinking of their milk? 8 Am I talking as a man? does not the law say the same? 9 For it says in the law of Moses, It is not right to keep the ox from taking the grain when he is crushing it. Is it for the oxen that God is giving orders? 10 Or has he us in mind? Yes, it was said for us; because it is right for the ploughman to do his ploughing in hope, and for him who is crushing the grain to do his work hoping for a part in the fruits of it. 11 If we have been planting the things of the Spirit for you, does it seem a great thing for you to give us a part in your things of this world? 12 If others have a part in this right over you, have we not even more? But we did not make use of our right, so that we might put nothing in the way of the good news of Christ. 13 Do you not see that the servants of the holy things get their living from the Temple, and the servants of the altar have their part in the food which is offered on the altar? 14 Even so did the Lord give orders that the preachers of the good news might get their living from the good news. 15 But I have not made use of any of these things: and I am not writing this in the hope that it may be so for me: for it would be better for me to undergo death, than for any man to make this pride of mine of no effect. 16 For if I am a preacher of the good news, I have no cause for pride in this; because I am forced to do so, for a curse is on me if I do not. 17 But if I do it gladly, I have a reward; and if not, I am under orders to do it. 18 What then is my reward? This, that when I am giving the good news, I may give it without payment, not making use of my rights as a preacher of the good news. 19 For though I was free from all men, I made myself a servant to all, so that more might have salvation. 20 And to the Jews I was as a Jew, so that I might give the good news to them; to those under the law I was the same, not as being myself under the law, but so that I might give the good news to those under the law. 21 To those without the law I was as one without the law, not as being without law to God, but as under law to Christ, so that I might give the good news to those without the law. 22 To the feeble, I was as one who is feeble, so that they might have salvation: I have been all things to all men, so that some at least might have salvation. 23 And I do all things for the cause of the good news, so that I may have a part in it. 24 Do you not see that in a running competition all take part, but only one gets the reward? So let your minds be fixed on the reward. 25 And every man who takes part in the sports has self-control in all things. Now they do it to get a crown which is of this world, but we for an eternal crown. 26 So then I am running, not uncertainly; so I am fighting, not as one who gives blows in the air: 27 But I give blows to my body, and keep it under control, for fear that, after having given the good news to others, I myself might not have God's approval.

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