1 Corinthians 7

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1 Corinthians 7 is Paul's answer to the Corinthians' questions about marriage, sex, and singleness. Husbands and wives owe each other their bodies and should not withhold them except briefly for prayer. The unmarried do well to stay as he is, but it is better to marry than to burn. The married must not divorce; a believer married to an unbeliever should stay if the unbeliever is willing, but is not bound if the unbeliever leaves. The principle beneath it all is to remain as you were when God called you, circumcised or not, slave or free. Because the time is short, Paul prefers singleness for its undivided devotion, but insists that marrying is no sin and that each has a gift from God.

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1 Corinthians 7 is Paul answering letters, and you can hear the questions behind the answers. Some in Corinth had decided that the truly spiritual thing was to give up sex altogether, even inside marriage. Paul says no: husband and wife belong to each other, body and all, and neither may withhold except by agreement, briefly, for prayer. He would be glad if everyone could live single as he does, but that is a gift, and for those who do not have it, marriage is better than burning. Then the harder cases. Married believers must not divorce; that comes from the Lord. Believers married to unbelievers, a new problem, should stay if the other is willing, because the unbelieving partner is made holy by the marriage and the children are holy; if the unbeliever leaves, the believer is free, for God has called us to peace. Underneath all of it Paul lays one rule: stay in the situation you were in when God called you. Circumcised or not, it is nothing. Slave or free, you are the Lord's freedman or Christ's slave, so do not become anyone's slave, and take your freedom if it comes. The last part of the chapter is Paul's own judgment, offered as such, that in a world that is passing away, with the time short, the unmarried are free to give the Lord undivided attention while the married are rightly divided. He does not make it a law. Marry and you do well, he says; stay single and you do even better; and each of you has your own gift from God.

Passagens-chave

1 Corinthians 7:1-7 1 Corinthians 7:10-16 1 Corinthians 7:17-24 1 Corinthians 7:25-35 Matthew 19:3-12 Ephesians 5:22-33

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55, answering a letter from Corinth; "It is good to abstain from sexual relations" in verse 1 is probably a slogan of Corinthian ascetics, whom Paul corrects while sharing their preference for singleness. Roman law allowed either spouse to divorce easily, and mixed marriages arose when one partner converted. The "present crisis" of verse 26 may be a local famine or the general pressure of the last days. Slaves made up a large part of the church, and manumission was common enough that Paul can advise taking the chance. "Virgins" in verses 25 to 38 are most likely betrothed couples deciding whether to complete their marriages. Verse 10 is one of the few places Paul cites a command of Jesus directly.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 7 address marital relations and mutual obligation. Verses 8 and 9 address the unmarried and widows. Verses 10 and 11 give the Lord's command against divorce. Verses 12 to 16 treat mixed marriages. Verses 17 to 24 state the rule of remaining in one's calling, with circumcision and slavery as examples. Verses 25 to 35 give Paul's judgment on the betrothed, the shortness of the time, and the divided concerns of the married. Verses 36 to 38 apply it to a man and his betrothed. Verses 39 and 40 close with widows, free to remarry in the Lord but happier, in Paul's view, single.

Why this chapter matters

The chapter is the New Testament's fullest teaching on marriage and singleness and has shaped Christian practice on all of it: the mutual conjugal rights of verses 3 to 5, unusual in the ancient world for making the wife's claim equal; the prohibition of divorce and the "Pauline privilege" for deserted believers; the sanctity of children in mixed marriages; and the honoring of celibacy as a gift, which underlies monasticism and clerical celibacy. "It is better to marry than to burn" and "the time is short" have entered common speech. Verse 22, the slave as the Lord's freedman and the free man as Christ's slave, relativized social status in a way that would eventually undermine slavery.

Interpretive tension to watch

Paul distinguishes the Lord's command from his own judgment more openly here than anywhere else, which raises the question of the authority of his opinions on singleness. His preference for the unmarried life, and his "as if they had none" in verse 29, have been read as devaluing marriage, though he calls marriage a gift and no sin. Whether "remain as you were" and "do not let it concern you" counsel slaves to stay slaves or to seize freedom depends on how verse 21 is translated, and the two readings have had very different histories. The identity of the "virgins" and the meaning of the "present crisis" remain unsettled.

Perguntas para este capítulo

Paul says the wife has authority over her husband's body as much as he over hers. What did that mutuality mean in his world, and what does it mean now?
He calls both marriage and singleness gifts. How would a church look if it honored both equally?
"The time is short; the world in its present form is passing away." How does that change the weight you give to marrying, buying, grieving, and rejoicing?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

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1 Now, as to the things in your letter to me: It is good for a man to have nothing to do with a woman. 2 But because of the desires of the flesh, let every man have his wife, and every woman her husband. 3 Let the husband give to the wife what is right; and let the wife do the same to the husband. 4 The wife has not power over her body, but the husband; and in the same way the husband has not power over his body, but the wife. 5 Do not keep back from one another what is right, but only for a short time, and by agreement, so that you may give yourselves to prayer, and come together again; so that Satan may not get the better of you through your loss of self-control. 6 But this I say as my opinion, and not as an order of the Lord. 7 It is my desire that all men might be even as I am. But every man has the power of his special way of life given him by God, one in this way and one in that. 8 But I say to the unmarried and to the widows, It is good for them to be even as I am. 9 But if they have not self-control let them get married; for married life is better than the burning of desire. 10 But to the married I give orders, though not I but the Lord, that the wife may not go away from her husband 11 (Or if she goes away from him, let her keep unmarried, or be united to her husband again); and that the husband may not go away from his wife. 12 But to the rest I say, and not the Lord; If a brother has a wife who is not a Christian, and it is her desire to go on living with him, let him not go away from her. 13 And if a woman has a husband who is not a Christian, and it is his desire to go on living with her, let her not go away from her husband. 14 For the husband who has not faith is made holy through his Christian wife, and the wife who is not a Christian is made holy through the brother: if not, your children would be unholy, but now are they holy. 15 But if the one who is not a Christian has a desire to go away, let it be so: the brother or the sister in such a position is not forced to do one thing or the other: but it is God's pleasure that we may be at peace with one another. 16 For how may you be certain, O wife, that you will not be the cause of salvation to your husband? or you, O husband, that you may not do the same for your wife? 17 Only, as the Lord has given to a man, and as is the purpose of God for him, so let him go on living. And these are my orders for all the churches. 18 If any man who is a Christian has had circumcision, let him keep so; and if any man who is a Christian has not had circumcision, let him make no change. 19 Circumcision is nothing, and its opposite is nothing, but only doing the orders of God is of value. 20 Let every man keep the position in which he has been placed by God. 21 If you were a servant when you became a Christian, let it not be a grief to you; but if you have a chance to become free, make use of it. 22 For he who was a servant when he became a Christian is the Lord's free man; and he who was free when he became a Christian is the Lord's servant. 23 It is the Lord who has made payment for you: be not servants of men. 24 My brothers, let every man keep in that condition which is the purpose of God for him. 25 Now about virgins I have no orders from the Lord: but I give my opinion as one to whom the Lord has given mercy to be true to him. 26 In my opinion then, because of the present trouble, it is good for a man to keep as he is. 27 If you are married to a wife, make no attempt to get free from her: if you are free from a wife, do not take a wife. 28 If you get married it is not a sin; and if an unmarried woman gets married it is not a sin. But those who do so will have trouble in the flesh. But I will not be hard on you. 29 But I say this, my brothers, the time is short; and from now it will be wise for those who have wives to be as if they had them not; 30 And for those who are in sorrow, to give no signs of it; and for those who are glad, to give no signs of joy; and for those who are getting property, to be as if they had nothing; 31 And for those who make use of the world, not to be using it fully; for this world's way of life will quickly come to an end. 32 But it is my desire for you to be free from cares. The unmarried man gives his mind to the things of the Lord, how he may give pleasure to the Lord: 33 But the married man gives his attention to the things of this world, how he may give pleasure to his wife. 34 And the wife is not the same as the virgin. The virgin gives her mind to the things of the Lord, so that she may be holy in body and in spirit: but the married woman takes thought for the things of the world, how she may give pleasure to her husband. 35 Now I say this for your profit; not to make things hard for you, but because of what is right, and so that you may be able to give all your attention to the things of the Lord. 36 But if, in any man's opinion, he is not doing what is right for his virgin, if she is past her best years, and there is need for it, let him do what seems right to him; it is no sin; let them be married. 37 But the man who is strong in mind and purpose, who is not forced but has control over his desires, does well if he comes to the decision to keep her a virgin. 38 So then, he who gets married to his virgin does well, and he who keeps her unmarried does better. 39 It is right for a wife to be with her husband as long as he is living; but when her husband is dead, she is free to be married to another; but only to a Christian. 40 But it will be better for her to keep as she is, in my opinion: and it seems to me that I have the Spirit of God.

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