Matthew 16

この章を意図をもって読む

Matthew 16 is the hinge of the Gospel. After refusing the Pharisees' demand for a sign and warning the disciples against their teaching, Jesus takes his followers north to Caesarea Philippi and asks who people say he is, and then who they say he is. Peter answers, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God," and Jesus calls him blessed, names him the rock on which he will build his church, and gives him the keys of the kingdom. Then Jesus begins to speak of his coming suffering and death, Peter rebukes him, and Jesus calls Peter "Satan." The chapter closes with the call to deny oneself, take up the cross, and follow.

章の解説を開く

Matthew 16 begins with people asking Jesus for proof and ends with Jesus asking his disciples for everything. The Pharisees and Sadducees want a sign from heaven; Jesus points out that they can read the sky but not the times and gives them only the sign of Jonah. In the boat the disciples worry about bread, and Jesus has to remind them of two feedings before they understand that he is warning them about teaching, not loaves. Then he takes them north, to a pagan city under Mount Hermon, and asks the question the Gospel has been building toward. Who do people say I am? A prophet, they answer, Elijah, Jeremiah, John. Who do you say I am? Peter answers for them all: the Christ, the Son of the living God. Jesus blesses him, names him the rock, promises a church that death itself will not overcome, and hands him the keys. And then, immediately, Jesus begins to tell them that the Christ must go to Jerusalem, suffer, and be killed, and Peter, still glowing from the blessing, takes him aside to correct him. Get behind me, Satan. You have in mind the things of men. The chapter ends with the terms that follow from a crucified Messiah: deny yourself, take up your cross, lose your life to find it, and ask what a person could possibly give in exchange for a soul.

主要な箇所

Matthew 16:13-20 Matthew 16:21-23 Matthew 16:24-27 Mark 8:27-33 John 6:68-69

Historical and literary context

Caesarea Philippi lay far to the north at the foot of Mount Hermon, a Gentile city named for Caesar and built beside a grotto sacred to the god Pan, a fitting place to ask who the true Son of God is. Popular opinion placed Jesus among the prophets returned; Peter's confession went further. The passion prediction that follows is the first of three in Matthew and marks the turn toward Jerusalem. The "keys" and the language of binding and loosing reflect the authority of a steward and of rabbinic rulings.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 4 are the demand for a sign and the answer of the sign of Jonah. Verses 5 to 12 are the misunderstanding about bread and the warning against the leaven, meaning the teaching, of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Verses 13 to 20 are the two questions at Caesarea Philippi, Peter's confession, the blessing, the rock, the church, the keys, and the command to silence. Verses 21 to 23 are the first prediction of suffering, Peter's rebuke, and Jesus's rebuke of Peter. Verses 24 to 28 are the terms of discipleship: deny yourself, take up the cross, lose your life to find it, and the coming of the Son of Man.

Why this chapter matters

Peter's confession is the first time a disciple names Jesus as the Christ and Son of God, and Jesus's reply contains the only extended use of the word "church" in the Gospels, with the promise that the gates of Hades will not prevail against it. The passage has been the center of Christian debate about Peter's role and the church's authority for centuries. The immediate fall from "blessed" to "Satan" is one of the Gospel's sharpest lessons: confessing Jesus as Christ is not the same as accepting a crucified Christ. And verses 24 to 26, on self-denial, the cross, and the worth of a soul against the whole world, define discipleship for every generation.

Interpretive tension to watch

Who or what is the rock on which the church is built: Peter himself, his confession, or Christ? Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant readers have answered differently, and the Greek wordplay between Peter and rock allows the debate. Whatever the answer, the same chapter shows Peter both blessed and rebuked, which cautions against any reading that makes the rock infallible.

この章のための質問

Jesus asks who people say he is before asking who the disciples say he is. Why does the first question matter?
Peter goes from "blessed" to "Satan" in five verses. What did he get right, and what did he refuse?
What does it mean, in practice, that whoever wants to save his life will lose it and whoever loses it for Jesus's sake will find it?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

ノートに追加

1 And the Pharisees and Sadducees, coming to [him], asked him, tempting [him], to shew them a sign out of heaven. 2 But he answering said to them, When evening is come, ye say, Fine weather, for the sky is red; 3 and in the morning, A storm to-day, for the sky is red [and] lowering; ye know [how] to discern the face of the sky, but ye cannot the signs of the times. 4 A wicked and adulterous generation seeks after a sign, and a sign shall not be given to it save the sign of Jonas. And he left them and went away. 5 And when his disciples were come to the other side, they had forgotten to take bread. 6 And Jesus said to them, See and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees. 7 And they reasoned among themselves, saying, Because we have taken no bread. 8 And Jesus knowing [it], said, Why reason ye among yourselves, O ye of little faith, because ye have taken no bread? 9 Do ye not yet understand nor remember the five loaves of the five thousand, and how many hand-baskets ye took [up]? 10 nor the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many baskets ye took [up]? 11 How do ye not understand that [it was] not concerning bread I said to you, Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees? 12 Then they comprehended that he did not speak of being beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and Sadducees. 13 But when Jesus was come into the parts of Caesarea-Philippi, he demanded of his disciples, saying, Who do men say that I the Son of man am? 14 And they said, Some, John the baptist; and others, Elias; and others again, Jeremias or one of the prophets. 15 He says to them, But ye, who do ye say that I am? 16 And Simon Peter answering said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. 17 And Jesus answering said to him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona, for flesh and blood has not revealed [it] to thee, but my Father who is in the heavens. 18 And I also, I say unto thee that thou art Peter, and on this rock I will build my assembly, and hades' gates shall not prevail against it. 19 And I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of the heavens; and whatsoever thou mayest bind upon the earth shall be bound in the heavens; and whatsoever thou mayest loose on the earth shall be loosed in the heavens. 20 Then he enjoined on his disciples that they should say to no man that he was the Christ. 21 From that time Jesus began to shew to his disciples that he must go away to Jerusalem, and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and the third day be raised. 22 And Peter taking him to [him] began to rebuke him, saying, [God] be favourable to thee, Lord; this shall in no wise be unto thee. 23 But turning round, he said to Peter, Get away behind me, Satan; thou art an offence to me, for thy mind is not on the things that are of God, but on the things that are of men. 24 Then Jesus said to his disciples, If any one desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. 25 For whosoever shall desire to save his life shall lose it; but whosoever shall lose his life for my sake shall find it. 26 For what does a man profit, if he should gain the whole world and suffer the loss of his soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul? 27 For the Son of man is about to come in the glory of his Father with his angels, and then he will render to each according to his doings. 28 Verily I say unto you, There are some of those standing here that shall not taste of death at all until they shall have seen the Son of man coming in his kingdom.

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