1 Corinthians 9

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1 Corinthians 9 is Paul's defense of his freedom and his explanation of why he gives it up. He has every right to be supported by the churches he serves: soldiers are paid, the law forbids muzzling a threshing ox, temple priests eat from the altar, and the Lord commanded that preachers live from the gospel. Yet Paul has used none of these rights, working with his hands so that the gospel costs nothing. Preaching is not his boast but his obligation; his reward is to offer it free. He has made himself a slave to all, a Jew to Jews, weak to the weak, all things to all people to save some. The chapter ends with the runner and the boxer who discipline their bodies for an imperishable crown.

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1 Corinthians 9 sounds at first like a man defending his expenses, and in a way it is. Some in Corinth had noticed that Paul refused their money, and had drawn conclusions: either he was not a real apostle, or he knew his work was not worth paying for. Paul answers with a barrage of questions. Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Do soldiers pay their own way? Does a farmer not eat his own grapes? Does the law not say you may not muzzle the ox that treads the grain? Do the priests not eat from the altar? Did the Lord not say that those who preach should live from the preaching? Having established the right beyond argument, he says he has never used it and never will. He would rather die. Preaching is not something he can take credit for, since he is under orders, woe to me if I do not preach; the only thing left to boast about is giving it away for nothing. Then he explains a policy that has puzzled and inspired the church ever since. Free of everyone, he has made himself everyone's slave: a Jew among Jews, an outsider among outsiders, weak among the weak, all things to all people, to save some of them. The chapter ends at the games that Corinth hosted every other year. Everyone runs, one wins; the athletes train hard for a crown of leaves that will be brown in a week; we run for one that lasts. So Paul runs with purpose, boxes with aim, and keeps his own body in hand, so that the man who preached to others is not himself disqualified.

مقاطع رئيسية

1 Corinthians 9:1-14 1 Corinthians 9:15-18 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 Deuteronomy 25:4 Philippians 3:12-14

Historical and literary context

Paul wrote from Ephesus around AD 54 or 55. Traveling teachers in the Greek world were expected to accept fees or patronage, and Paul's refusal of Corinthian money, while he accepted gifts from Philippi, had become a point of suspicion, as if he did not consider himself a real apostle or was hiding something. He supported himself as a leatherworker, a low-status trade. "Cephas" is Peter, who traveled with his wife; "the Lord's brothers" include James. The command that preachers live from the gospel echoes Jesus' saying that the worker deserves his wages. Corinth hosted the Isthmian Games every two years, so the runner, the boxer, and the perishable crown of pine or celery leaves were local images.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 to 6 assert Paul's apostleship and his rights to food, drink, a wife, and support. Verses 7 to 14 argue the right from common life, from the law of Moses on the ox, from the temple, and from the Lord's command. Verses 15 to 18 explain why he waives it: the gospel free of charge is his boast and reward, since preaching itself is compulsion. Verses 19 to 23 describe his adaptability, all things to all people, for the sake of the gospel. Verses 24 to 27 draw the athletic conclusion: run to win, train with discipline, do not be disqualified.

Why this chapter matters

"I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some" is the founding text of Christian mission strategy and of every argument for adapting the form of the message to its hearers. "Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel" has been the confession of preachers for two millennia, and verse 14 is the biblical basis for paying ministers. The runner and the imperishable crown gave Christian devotion its language of training, discipline, and finishing the race. Paul's example of waiving a right for the gospel's sake, which closes the argument about food offered to idols begun in chapter 8, is the classic case of freedom limited by love.

Interpretive tension to watch

"All things to all people" is easily read as a license for chameleon behavior, and interpreters stress the limits Paul himself states: he is under the law of Christ, and the goal is salvation, not approval. His refusal of support in Corinth while accepting it elsewhere was read by some as inconsistency, and 2 Corinthians shows the accusation stuck. Verse 27, "I myself will not be disqualified," raises the question of whether Paul thought he could lose his salvation, or only his usefulness or reward; the traditions divide. And his reading of the muzzled ox, "Is it about oxen that God is concerned?", is an early example of typological interpretation that some find strained.

أسئلة لهذا الفصل

Paul had a right to be paid and chose not to use it. What right of yours might the gospel ask you to lay down?
"All things to all people" has limits. How do you adapt to the people you want to reach without losing what you are trying to give them?
Athletes train for a crown that withers. What would training look like for the crown that does not?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

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1 내가 자유자가 아니냐 사도가 아니냐 예수 우리 주를 보지 못하였느냐 주 안에서 행한 나의 일이 너희가 아니냐 2 다른 사람들에게는 내가 사도가 아닐지라도 너희에게는 사도니 나의 사도 됨을 주 안에서 인친 것이 너희라 3 나를 힐문하는 자들에게 발명할 것이 이것이니 4 우리가 먹고 마시는 권이 없겠느냐 5 우리가 다른 사도들과 주의 형제들과 게바와 같이 자매 된 아내를 데리고 다닐 권이 없겠느냐 6 어찌 나와 바나바만 일하지 아니할 권(權)이 없겠느냐 7 누가 자비량하고 병정을 다니겠느냐 누가 포도를 심고 그 실과를 먹지 않겠느냐 누가 양떼를 기르고 그 양떼의 젖을 먹지 않겠느냐 8 내가 사람의 예대로 이것을 말하느냐 율법도 이것을 말하지 아니하느냐 9 모세 율법에 곡식을 밟아 떠는 소에게 망을 씌우지 말라 기록하였으니 하나님께서 어찌 소들을 위하여 염려하심이냐 10 전혀 우리를 위하여 말씀하심이 아니냐 과연 우리를 위하여 기록된 것이니 밭 가는 자는 소망을 가지고 갈며 곡식 떠는 자는 함께 얻을 소망을 가지고 떠는 것이라 11 우리가 너희에게 신령한 것을 뿌렸은즉 너희 육신(肉身)의 것을 거두기로 과하다 하겠느냐 12 다른 이들도 너희에게 이런 권을 가졌거든 하물며 우리일까보냐 그러나 우리가 이 권을 쓰지 아니하고 범사에 참는 것은 그리스도의 복음에 아무 장애가 없게 하려 함이로다 13 성전의 일을 하는 이들은 성전에서 나는 것을 먹으며 제단을 모시는 이들은 제단과 함께 나누는 것을 너희가 알지 못하느냐 14 이와 같이 주께서도 복음 전하는 자들이 복음으로 말미암아 살리라 명하셨느니라 15 그러나 내가 이것을 하나도 쓰지 아니하였고 또 이 말을 쓰는 것은 내게 이같이 하여 달라는 것이 아니라 내가 차라리 죽을지언정 누구든지 내 자랑하는 것을 헛된 데로 돌리지 못하게 하리라 16 내가 복음을 전할지라도 자랑할 것이 없음은 내가 부득불 할 일임이라 만일 복음을 전하지 아니하면 내게 화가 있을 것임이로라 17 내가 내 임의로 이것을 행하면 상을 얻으려니와 임의로 아니한다 할지라도 나는 직분을 맡았노라 18 그런즉 내 상이 무엇이냐 내가 복음을 전할 때에 값 없이 전하고 복음으로 인하여 내게 있는 권을 다 쓰지 아니하는 이것이로라 19 내가 모든 사람에게 자유하였으나 스스로 모든 사람에게 종이 된 것은 더 많은 사람을 얻고자 함이라 20 유대인들에게는 내가 유대인과 같이 된 것은 유대인들을 얻고자 함이요 율법 아래 있는 자들에게는 내가 율법 아래 있지 아니하나 율법 아래 있는 자같이 된 것은 율법 아래 있는 자들을 얻고자 함이요 21 율법 없는 자에게는 내가 하나님께는 율법 없는 자가 아니요 도리어 그리스도의 율법 아래 있는 자나 율법 없는 자와 같이 된 것은 율법 없는 자들을 얻고자 함이라 22 약한 자들에게는 내가 약한 자와 같이 된 것은 약한 자들을 얻고자 함이요 여러 사람에게 내가 여러 모양이 된 것은 아무쪼록 몇몇 사람들을 구원코자 함이니 23 내가 복음을 위하여 모든 것을 행함은 복음에 참예하고자 함이라 24 운동장에서 달음질하는 자들이 다 달아날지라도 오직 상(賞) 얻는 자는 하나인 줄을 너희가 알지 못하느냐 너희도 얻도록 이와 같이 달음질하라 25 이기기를 다투는 자마다 모든 일에 절제(節制)하나니 저희는 썩을 면류관을 얻고자 하되 우리는 썩지 아니할 것을 얻고자 하노라 26 그러므로 내가 달음질하기를 향방 없는 것같이 아니하고 싸우기를 허공을 치는 것같이 아니하여 27 내가 내 몸을 쳐 복종하게 함은 내가 남에게 전파한 후에 자기가 도리어 버림이 될까 두려워함이로라