Revelation 6

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Revelation 6 opens the seven seals of the scroll that only the Lamb was found worthy to take. The first four seals release the four horsemen: a rider on a white horse with a bow, bent on conquest; a red horse whose rider takes peace from the earth; a black horse whose rider carries scales and announces famine prices; and a pale horse ridden by Death with Hades behind him, given power over a fourth of the earth. The fifth seal shows the souls of the martyrs under the altar crying "How long?" and being told to rest a little longer. The sixth seal shakes the cosmos, and everyone from kings to slaves hides in caves, asking who can stand before the wrath of the Lamb.

打开章节注释

Revelation 6 is where the scroll that made John weep in chapter 5 begins to be opened, and what comes out of it is not a secret about the future but a picture of the world as it is. The Lamb breaks the first seal, one of the four living creatures says "Come," and a rider on a white horse goes out to conquer. Three more follow: a red horse whose rider takes peace from the earth so that people kill one another, a black horse whose rider holds a pair of scales while a voice calls out famine prices, a day's wage for a day's bread, and a pale, corpse-colored horse whose rider is named Death, with Hades following behind. Together they have power over a fourth of the earth. Any reader in the first century knew these riders; they were the news. Then the fifth seal opens and the scene moves from earth to the altar of heaven, where the souls of those killed for their testimony cry out the oldest prayer of the suffering, "How long, O Lord?" They are given white robes and told to rest a little longer, until the number is complete. It is not the answer they wanted, but it is an answer, and it means their deaths were counted. The sixth seal undoes creation itself: earthquake, black sun, blood moon, stars falling like figs, the sky rolled up like a scroll, and every human being from emperor to slave hiding in the rocks from the face of the One on the throne. The chapter ends with a question, who can stand?, and chapter 7 exists to answer it.

关键经文

Revelation 6:1-8 Revelation 6:9-11 Revelation 6:12-17 Zechariah 6:1-8 Revelation 7:9-17 Matthew 24:6-8

Historical and literary context

John wrote from exile on Patmos to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia, most likely in the 90s under Domitian, though some place the book in the aftermath of Nero. The horsemen draw on Zechariah 1 and 6, where colored horses patrol the earth for God. The white horse and bow evoked the Parthian mounted archers on Rome's eastern frontier, the one enemy Rome had not defeated. The famine prices, a quart of wheat for a denarius, mean a day's wage for one person's daily bread, many times the normal cost, while oil and wine are spared, a detail some connect with Domitian's edict on vineyards in AD 92. The souls under the altar reflect the blood poured at the base of the temple altar.

How the chapter unfolds

Verses 1 and 2, the first seal: the white horse and its conquering rider. Verses 3 and 4, the second: the red horse and the removal of peace. Verses 5 and 6, the third: the black horse, the scales, and the price of grain. Verses 7 and 8, the fourth: the pale horse, Death and Hades, and a fourth of the earth. Verses 9 to 11, the fifth: the martyrs' cry and the white robes. Verses 12 to 17, the sixth: earthquake, darkened sun, blood-red moon, falling stars, the sky rolled up, and humanity hiding from the throne. The seventh seal waits until chapter 8, after the interlude of chapter 7.

Why this chapter matters

The four horsemen are among the most recognized images in Western culture, borrowed by painters, novelists, and journalists for every age of war, famine, and plague. Read in their setting, they are not a special end-time terror but a description of what human history already looks like when God lets it run: conquest, war, scarcity, death. The martyrs' "How long, O Lord?" gives voice to every sufferer who waits for justice, and the answer, "a little while longer," is the book's honest reply. The closing question, "who is able to withstand it?", is answered by chapter 7's vision of the sealed servants of God.

Interpretive tension to watch

The rider on the white horse has been read as Christ, because of the white horse of 19:11, or as a counterfeit, a conquering power such as Parthia or Rome; the parallel with the other three destructive riders favors the second. Whether the seals describe past events, the whole span of history, or a future tribulation divides the main schools of interpretation. The vengeance the martyrs ask for sits awkwardly beside "love your enemies," and readers have to decide whether the cry is a prayer for God's justice or a wish for revenge.

这一章的思考问题

  • The four horsemen describe conquest, war, famine, and death. Does it change your reading to see them as ordinary history rather than a future catastrophe?
  • The martyrs ask "How long?" and are told to wait. What does that scene say about unanswered prayers for justice?
  • The chapter ends with "who is able to withstand it?" How does chapter 7 answer the question?

Study with context

Use this as a chapter guide, then press deeper into the text itself. The goal is to slow down observation, notice structure, and ask better questions before jumping to conclusions.

添加到笔记
1 Poi vidi quando l’Agnello ebbe aperto uno dei sette suggelli; e udii una delle quattro creature viventi, che diceva con voce come di tuono: Vieni. 2 E vidi, ed ecco un cavallo bianco; e colui che lo cavalcava aveva un arco; e gli fu data una corona, ed egli uscì fuori da vincitore, e per vincere. 3 E quando ebbe aperto il secondo suggello, io udii la seconda creatura vivente che diceva: Vieni. 4 E uscì fuori un altro cavallo, rosso; e a colui che lo cavalcava fu dato di toglier la pace dalla terra affinché gli uomini si uccidessero gli uni gli altri, e gli fu data una grande spada. 5 E quando ebbe aperto il terzo suggello, io udii la terza creatura vivente che diceva: Vieni. Ed io vidi, ed ecco un cavallo nero; e colui che lo cavalcava aveva una bilancia in mano. 6 E udii come una voce in mezzo alle quattro creature viventi che diceva: Una chènice di frumento per un denaro e tre chènici d’orzo per un denaro; e non danneggiare né l’olio né il vino. 7 E quando ebbe aperto il quarto suggello, io udii la voce della quarta creatura vivente che diceva: Vieni. 8 E io vidi, ed ecco un cavallo giallastro; e colui che lo cavalcava avea nome la Morte; e gli teneva dietro l’Ades. E fu loro data potestà sopra la quarta parte della terra di uccidere con la spada, con la fame, con la mortalità e con le fiere della terra. 9 E quando ebbe aperto il quinto suggello, io vidi sotto l’altare le anime di quelli ch’erano stati uccisi per la parola di Dio e per la testimonianza che aveano resa; 10 e gridarono con gran voce, dicendo: Fino a quando, o nostro Signore che sei santo e verace, non fai tu giudicio e non vendichi il nostro sangue su quelli che abitano sopra la terra? 11 E a ciascun d’essi fu data una veste bianca e fu loro detto che si riposassero ancora un po’ di tempo, finché fosse completo il numero dei loro conservi e dei loro fratelli, che hanno ad essere uccisi come loro. 12 Poi vidi quand’ebbe aperto il sesto suggello: e si fece un gran terremoto; e il sole divenne nero come un cilicio di crine, e tutta la luna diventò come sangue; 13 e le stelle del cielo caddero sulla terra come quando un fico scosso da un gran vento lascia cadere i suoi fichi immaturi. 14 E il cielo si ritrasse come una pergamena che si arrotola; e ogni montagna e ogni isola fu rimossa dal suo luogo. 15 E i re della terra e i grandi e i capitani e i ricchi e i potenti e ogni servo e ogni libero si nascosero nelle spelonche e nelle rocce dei monti; 16 e dicevano ai monti e alle rocce: Cadeteci addosso e nascondeteci dal cospetto di Colui che siede sul trono e dall’ira dell’Agnello; 17 perché è venuto il gran giorno della sua ira, e chi può reggere in piè?

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